HOMEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

HOMEWORK - Essay Example Q1 (II): considering that the ratio of trade is 1:1 and that north is more efficient in producing both left and right shoes as compared to the south, the north will consume 70 pairs of shoes. That is, the north would rather not trade. On the other hand, with no increase in the number of workers in the south, they can only consume one pair of shoes if they give up one-left shoes for one right shoe (Miles & Scott 15-72). Q1 (III): assuming that there still are 10 workers in the North, the new exchange rate will be (300:3000), (100:1000) = 1:10. Therefore, the North could decide to exchange 30 left shoes for 300 right shoes. In this case, the number of pairs of shoes consumed will be 300 (Miles & Scott 15-72). Q2: the Federal reserve governor meant that in the year 2005, the payment made by the U.S for importing services and other visible and invisible goods were more than those received; leading to a current account deficit. In the process, the value of US currency decreased making U.S products cheaper in the international market. A decreased U.S currency means an increase in the value of foreign currencies leading to low foreign prices, thus low interest rate in the long-run (Arize 35-67). Q3: when the Government’s purchases increase during a war, consumption is concentrated on ammunitions. The country will heavily import the war machines than exports. This will lead to a deficit in trade account (a negative balance). To pay for the imported machines, more local currency will be supplied in the foreign exchange market than is demanded. Due to more supply than demand, the local currency will lose its value. The decreased value will be reflected in the exchange rate. Therefore, the real exchange rate will be lower. That is, the real price of the local currency against foreign currencies will be lower. The aforementioned effects would take place, whether a local or a

Wound Infection post total knee replacement surgery

Wound Infection post total knee replacement surgery Nursing practice is the actual provision of nursing care. In providing care, nurses are implementing the nursing care plan which is based on the clients initial assessment. This is based around a specific nursing theory which will be selected as appropriate for the care setting. In providing nursing care the nurses uses both nursing theory and best practice derived from nursing research. Nursing is practice profession which is depends on a variety of skills which are strongly related to ethical and social aspect in healthcare. There are lists of contemporary issue exist, in an effort to fulfill modern health care system in Malaysia. These contemporary issues provide a challenge in this practice discipline and other health care teams. Contemporary issues defined as present or current issues which is happening, existing, living or coming into being during the same period of time. Contemporary issue in professional practice is closely related to ethical component of practice also competing ideologies and practice realities. This assignment will explore contemporary issue on infection control. Im interested to present about increasing rate of wound infection post total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. TKR or knee arthroplasty is surgical procedures in which the worn, damage surfaces of the knee joint are replaced with metal and high-density plastic. TKR may result in general pain relief, deformity correction and resumption of normal activity. As Im working in orthopedic ward for the 10 years, wound infection especially post TKR complications commonly affect patients. Wound infection can give a big impact in patient recovery and indirectly public can question the quality of care delivered. Therefore I have decided to discuss about the infection control surveillance and ongoing for patient health care programmed also organization action and strategies undertaken. In this paper I will critically discuss, how it occur and about how to decrease wound infection of post TKR. This paper also will provide critical knowledge and understanding patients needs during hospitalization via reflection upon nurses responsibility in health care. BODY Total knee replacement is a common surgical procedure done routinely around the world on patients with severe arthritis. The surgery has a high rate of success and complications are rare. Most post operative complications are anticipated and prophylactic medications or therapies are administered on a preventative basis. It is a major procedure and recovery will not occur overnight. Post operative care following knee replacement begins immediately and involves basic wound care, a step- wise activity regimen and prevention of complications. TKR is the most devastating and challenging complication for both the surgeon and the patient to face. According to Bengston and Fitzgerald (1991) although surgical techniques and treatment operation have improved the overall risk for deep infection after TKR still remains 1-2 %. In case of infection, it is of great importance to quickly identify the problem and treat it adequately to minimize the risk of complications. A straight forward management algorithm is the only way of dealing with infected implants properly. Post TKR infection which is a result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare service unit, but secondary to the patients original condition. According to Fehring et al (2000), the diagnosis of infection depends on the clinical appearance of the patient is generally based on joint aspirates and cultures, laboratory results. [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP)], radiography and clinical examination. The knee joint can present inflamed, red, swollen, tender on palpation, feeling warm and the patient can show clinical signs of systematic infection like fever, shivering, night sweating, etc. Sometimes the only complaint patients have is continuous pain. This should be considered as an infection until proven otherwise. Zimmerli W (2004) present most commonly cultured microorganisms are coagulase- negative staphylococci (30-43% of cases) and Staphylococcus aureus (12-23%), and followed by mixed flora (10-11%), streptococci (9-10%), Gram- negative bacilli (3-6% ), enterococci (3-7%) and anaerobes (2-4%). No microorganism is detected in about 11% of apparent infection. Polymicrobial infections are reported in 12-19% of cases. Many medical procedures bypass the bodys natural protective barriers. Routine use of anti-microbial agents in hospitals creates selection pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. According to Rutala et al (1983), investigating on Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) outbreak, found that MRSA comparised 16% of all bacterial isolates sampled from the air and 31% of the isolates from elevated surfaces. After knee surgery, infection is a major concern. A standard treatment protocol must be followed. All patients post TKR must treated with intravenous flucloxacillin and benzyl penicilin (erythromycin for penicillin allergic patients) for a minimum of 6 weeks. According to Lewis G (2006) antibiotic -loaded cement were also found to be efficient in reduced the risk of infection in the early post operative period. However, Joseph TN (2003) states high doses of antimicrobial agents may result in the bone cement has lower mechanical properties and there are also concerns regarding the allergic reaction to impregnated antibiotics and the potential for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Knowledge is one factors contribute of infection. Barriers to good hand hygiene include poor knowledge of infection control, time pressure, poor technique, inadequate facilities and inappropriate clothing and hand adornments. (NOA 2004: Department of Health (DH) 2005). Professional healthcare staff must have a good knowledge hand washing follow by standard precaution to prevent infection. It can decrease infection via hand among them. Gould et al (2008) thinks that infections in healthcare setting are spread by direct contact (cross infection) of health workers. Normally in crowded with full patients orthopedic ward with 3-4 staff nurses per shift, this can cause the workload. It a high was too heavy and they have not enough time to carry out their job properly. Its difficult to practice good hand washing hygiene before and after touch every patient. Infection can cause by the nurses while practicing nursing interventions via poor hygiene control and failure to maintain sterility in procedure especially do dressing to post TKR patient. When hand washing facilities are poor, it contributes to infection. Clinical hand wash sink are required in all areas where clinical activities are performed. Provision of adequate and appropriate facilities could be improved hand washing compliance. According to Harris et al (2000) stated that hindering factors and good and hand washing are lack of time, poor facilities and materials. From one study of compliance with hand washing (Girou and Oppein, 2001) state that 50% of healthcare workers did not wash thei r hands after procedure. A nation review of nursing workforce predicts the demand for nurses will increases in hospital admissions. With many nurses hearing retirement, a national shortage of up to 40,000 nurses is predicted by 2010. Therefore recommend that the Department of Health require all hospitals to use the general workload calculation tool to assess the number of nurses needed in appropriate wards. A compounding factor and one that is the cause of many post TKR infection in hospital, staff especially nurses they not able to practice proper hand washing technique as they have too many procedures to be settle before end of the shift staff nurses are always running out the time to manage all about patients including orders from doctor, they must manage pre and post operative patients too. Among crowded hospital populations and where poor infections control practices exits it may facilitate bacteria transmission. A commonly in ward, nurses have to follow ward round and carry out order from doctors such as taking blood, do dressing and sent patient for x-ray or physiotherapy. During ward round, staffs unable to wear proper mask, glove and apron before enter isolation room patient post TKR as an action from doctor which wants it to be fast. In this situation, nurses must be the best way to perform nursing role in whatever situation no matter it is a busy day, emergency situations or lack of staff. It is important the nurse to analyze and utilize the situation in work management. The Infection Control Nurses Association (1998) mention that commitments by managers to improved resources are important to prevent poor hand hygiene among healthcare and patients. During ward round, staffs unable to wear proper mask, glove and apron before enter isolation rooms post TKR patient as an action from doctor which it to be fast. In this situation nurses must be the best way to perform nursing role in whatever situation no matter it is a busy day, emergency situation or lack of staff. It is important for the nurse to analyze and utilize the situation in work management. According to Hanssen AD et al (1999) the incidence of infection as cause of prosthetic failure varies depending on the joint involved with the rate of arthroplastis becoming infected being 1.7% of primary and 3.2% of non primary hip arthroplasties, 2.5% of primary and 5.6% of non primary knee arthoplasties and 1.3% of shoulder arthoplasties. A nation review of nursing workforce predicts the demand for nurses will increase by over two percent a year due to expected increases in hospital admissions. With many nurses hearing retirement, a national shortage of up to 40,000 nurses is predicted by 2010. Therefore recommend that the Department of Health require all hospitals to use the general workload circulation tool to assess the number of nurses in appropriate ward. Learning through reflection is more potent if there is an understanding of frameworks that encourage a structural process to guide the act of reflection. In this paper I would like to reflect about one cases happened in my work place. One old male patient about 80 years old develops deep infection after a two stage revision of an infection post TKR. The ideal definitions of post operative wound infection remain problematic. A substantially higher audited rate of wound infection is produced by applying the clinical definition proposed by the Surgical Infection Study Group (SISG). After apparent early post operative wound infection in to patients, only three (4%) had definite ongoing wound problem or deep sepsis at 1 year. As an experienced nurse, I feel upset if the infection is cause by the lacking of staffs knowledge in wound management. Patient might be depressed as the result from infection and complication and need longer hospitalization period. They also must waiting and have maintain period of healing process. Regarding this situation, I applying Gibbs Reflective Cycle, Nurses play a crucial role in the management of wounds. So they need to have good current knowledge and be more aware of their own wound care practice so to bring about more effective wound management. Professional Development in Nursing Time, (1994,p1), describes the nurses to be more observant of their patients wounds, increased their knowledge and skills on wound care and assisted them in acquiring more experience and skills in nursing research and get up on going frame work for improvements in wound management. Im as a staff nurses, I give moral support to built patient confidence level and avoid depression. Health education also might be useful for the patient facing with their condition. Nurses should foster better work among the many disciplines, improved the nurses reflection on their clinical and ultimately procedure better nurse practitioners. Once patient can be discharge, some of them though they are fully recovered, therefore they neglected the proper hygiene in daily living activities in other habit for patients are not coming for the appointment and did not taken antibiotics as ordered. Before patients discharge from hospital, decisions will be made about their continuing health needs. Information will be provided on the need further medical care including any necessary medicine, or services such as home nursing and delivered meals can be obtained. Educational strategies need to be specifically targeted to meet the needs of different professional groups and levels of expertise to maximize effectiveness. An example of this would be the appropriate preparation of clinical leaders such as specialist nurses so that they are equipped with the skills, knowledge and implement evidence-based wound care locally. According to Lucker and Kenrick, (1995), is also helps to create effective role models as health professionals are more likely to implement the good practice demonstrated by a colleague than good practice read about in a journal. In recent years it has become common for education to work in collaboration with clinicians, industry and wound organizations to provided more effective educational initiatives that provided an opportunity to network, while keeping abreast of current opinions and developing critical thinking skills. Although hand washing may see a simple process, it is often performed incorrectly. Healthcare settings must continually remind a practitioner especially nurses and visitors and the proper procedure in washing the hand to comply with responsible hand washing. Elliott (1996) believes that education and training adequate about hand washing is important safe practice for professional healthcare workers. Therefore all visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to adequately control to spread of infection especially before entered and after leaving an isolation rooms post TKR patient. In this situation, patient and family members also must learn how to do proper hand washing whether at home to promote safety life. Many patients treated in hospital develop infections after discharge, for example 50-70% of surgical wounds infections become apparent after discharge but these are not monitored NAO (2004). Knowledgeable are important among healthcare professional of preventing infection. Goulds (1995) mention that nurses theoretical and knowledge of universal precautions is useful to prevent infection and ability assimilate theoretical knowledge into practice. Knowledge followed by standard precaution can give a best treatment to the patients, therefore it can decrease infection problem. The nurse with limited background knowledge will lack the tools needed from experience and the scope of practice will be limited by background the nurse to the clinical situation (Banner 1984). Guidelines and policies should clear to describe wound care dressing. Gould (2002) says that a general rules was recommended for healthcare workers to breaking the chain of infection. New protocol and guidelines may lead to clearer definitions of terms being developed. Educating healthcare works on protocol and guidelines may be equally and beneficial in encouraging to them. Infection control nurses or their link nurses could undertake this teaching at ward level as this is viewed as best place to teach good clinical practice (Gould 1996). However, this could be lacking and vague in evidence based guidelines and a clear documented standard principle are needed. Pratt et al (2000) mentions that The Epic Projects was designed to develop guidelines and standard principles for preventing Healthcare associated infection (HAIs). Therefore, failure technique of dressing among the healthcare workers especially staff nurse cause of failure of guidelines. From the literature it is clear that poor wound dressing care by healthcare workers increase the risk of infection. Most infections in hospitals and other settings where health and social care are delivered are transmitted to patients directly via the hand of health workers (Gould et al 2008). Evidence indicates that many factors to contribute infection among healthcare staff. Confidential Enquire into Stillbirth and Deaths in Infancy CESDI (1999) study that around 5% of the death analyses cause of infection. Factors influence to infection such as lack of knowledge, lack of attitude, lack of facilities, lack of technique and lack of times. An intervention to promote wound dressing care plays an important role in the prevention of infection in hospitals. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, this assignment show that wound infections are preventable via integrated and collaborative effort among patient as a client, nurses as professional health care services. Therefore all medical staff must follow prevention of wound infection and improved their knowledge and training to know what it is, thus allowing workers to create a safe environment. However the setting of the work place needs to be conducive to allow workers to be empowered to do this. In nursing practices reflection are important thing to nurses and management. Nurses must take accountability in practice setting and work efficiently through integrated self awareness, descriptive and critical reflection also evaluation reflection toward excellent patients care. Modification of work practice such an appropriate handling of wound infection, the adoption of the concept of universal precaution and compliance with use of personal protective barriers should be emphasized. The primary goal of Infection Control is to educate all staff and family members to practice good infection prevention technique to protect patients from spreading infection. Guidelines and protocols should therefore be clear to encourage universal compliance to best practice. This topic becomes important in view of its ramifications to the accountability and accreditation of hospitals and staff. Therefore self awareness about the important of standard nursing skill is priority in whatever condition appears. Using a few strategies discussed in this paper it helpful to reduced wound infection. Therefore patients are safe and receive quality care and can save cost of treatment because they do not stay in hospital for long period of time. Hospital and staff also get good image from public and this can improving productivity among medical workers.

Essay --

I do not agree with the theorem that the successful brands are build on the successful products. It has been deliberate that the successful brands are built on the beliefs and not on the products. The most of the individuals don’t contemplate about underpinning the brand they develop but they necessitate offering a good product and earn a good income through selling it in the marketplace. Moreover, the thing on which most of the successful small businesses operate is the good and solid foundation of shared values and beliefs. These values go more than the attributes of the product. By communicating these attitudes and values, the company put itself on the successful way of transacting business and it helps in finding out the company’s real worth and value. The research has found that all the great companies have a common ideology of â€Å"fundamental values and a sense of persistence beyond just creating cash†. This inspires the people throughout the organization. (Vrontis, 1998) The successful brand is fundamental to a number of the factors. According to a bedrock idea or principle, every turn supports a product or a company and such a platform is known as positioning. A brand has no attraction without the element of positioning. The brand which has some sort of uniqueness and reliability, it will get the distinct advantage and attention of the people in the market. The successful brand is the result of three characteristics which are to be different, to be focused and to be relevant. The determinants of successful brands are discussed below: TO BE DIFFERENT Companies can build a strong brand by sticking out from the competition. Putting itself in the background noise is the great loss for the business. TO BE FOCUSED Being focused... ...he customers regarding the New Coke. The company returned to the old Coke following the great level of allegations from the customers. (Nicholas, 2013) WHY DO THE COMPANIES PREFER BRANDING Most of the companies rely heavily on the branding for the reason that the customers are often seen committed with brands and make repeat purchases. It is the nature of the loyal customers and even all the human beings that they do not leave the product, which facilitates them in some way better than any other product regardless of price. Nowadays, the companies are trying to cultivate the loyal customers by treating them in different way such as rewarding them and offering incentives. In this way, the companies get â€Å"the free word of mouth† marketing by making the people pleased to talk about the product positively in front of their friends and relatives. (Brand Loyalty, 2011)

Types of Friends

Classification Final Draft Types of Friends When I was a child, my parents raised me and my siblings to appreciate various kinds of friends. There are three types of friends I know of in this lifetime. I classify them according to how well they know me. We make friends or encounter them as we go every day. My first type of friends are called â€Å"pest friend†. They are my acquaintance, or in other words I only know them by their name.I may not remember what they might look like if I go away for a short period of time. Usually, I meet these types of friends at school, at work, at a store or anywhere I would be. Next, I call them my â€Å"guest friends† or social partners. These sorts of friends I don’t talk too often. We would go out and at the end of the night we go our separate ways. Last, but no least, I have what it’s called â€Å"best friend†. They are always there when I need someone to talk to or when I’m down.They know me as a person and are always there with me through thick and thin, regardless of how bad things may seem. I am able to trust them with my problems. I don’t have to think twice about anything when I share with her. They never judge or criticize me, but are able to give me great advice or tell me something positive to encourage me and keep my head up high. Friends come in all different shapes and sizes: meaning they are all different. That’s why we categorize our friends. They all have a purpose to serve in one’s life. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.

Ophelia’s Descent Into Madness Essay

Shakespeare, through his intricate uses of symbolism and dramatic irony, arranges a brilliantly detailed account of how Hamlet’s mental upheaval served as the driving force of Ophelia’s swelling insanity and imminent suicide. He floods the early acts with an impending sense of confusion within Ophelia, for her feelings toward hamlet greatly contrast those of her brother and father. Ophelia begins to willingly take heed of her family’s advice as the prince finds himself removed from a lucid pattern of thought. However, because her feelings for him are genuine, this serves only to exalt her mental strain. In the height of Hamlet’s incoherent rage, he provides Ophelia with the ultimate medium for her ensuing madness. The murder of Polonius is the greatest among many factors that were contributed by Hamlet to the somber fate of Ophelia. A prelude, composed of warnings from Polonius and Laertes, is tactfully set up by Shakespeare during Ophelia’s inertia l appearances in the play, aiding in the preparation for her subsequent mental deterioration. -Pol. What is between you? Give me up the truth. -Oph. He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders of his affection to me. -Pol. Affection, puh! You speak like a green girl Unsifted in such perilous circumstance. Do you believe his â€Å"tenders† as you call them? -Oph. I do not know, my lord, what I should think. (I, iii, ln.107-113) Ophelia openly professes her confusion. Polonius’ response is presented in a manner which is clearly intended to sincerely disdain Hamlet before his daughter, making obvious his opinion of their involvement. His intent for her actions, however, will merely magnify her confusion. Ophelia concedes that she is not aware of a solution with which to halt or even improve this situation. For this reason, no preventive measures are taken, only allowing the situation to worsen. Hamlets mind grows more and more clouded as his goal becomes clear, and in the midst of his pervading preoccupation, he pushes Ophelia to the point of mental breakdown. This notion appears in the second act, after Ophelia first sees a deranged Hamlet. -Oph. Lord Hamlet †¦with a look so piteous in purport as if he had been loosed out of hell to speak of horrors -he comes before me -Pol. Mad for thy love? -Oph. My lord I do not know but, I truly do fear it. (II, I, ln. 87-97) Her confusion has evolved into a state of dread, and this dread will begin to penetrate her consciousness as it grows more and more intense. Polonius suggests that Hamlet may have fallen victim to â€Å"the very ecstasy of love†. Yet, Ophelia’s response is peculiar in it’s morbid tone, for if love is the liable force, she displays no form of satisfaction for it’s effect on Hamlet. During an encounter later in the story, he tells Ophelia, -Ham. â€Å"†¦I did love you once -Oph. Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so -Ham. You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so (inoculate) our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not. -Oph. I was the more deceived †¦And I, of ladies most deject and wretched, That sucked the honey of his musicked vows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III, I, ln.125-130,169-170) Again, her mind is twisted by Hamlets involuntary fraudulence. His apathy attacks and consumes her innocence, takes grip of her mind and ultimately destroys her spirit. In the above quote, she describes her opinion of Hamlet’s present character, that of an untruthful user. Moreover, however, she feels naà ¯ve, placing undue blame on herself and enlarging the gap between herself and reality. As the impending tragedy becomes increasingly apparent, Ophelia is finally and completely consumed by the delirium of her sick mind. The most significant factor in this event is Polonius’ murder. Her condition is explained by the king after she makes it obvious. -King. Thick, and unwholesome in thoughts and whispers. For good Polonius’ death, and we have done but greenly poor Ophelia divided from herself and her fair judgment. (IV,v, ln.81-85) Ophelia, who was once nearly flawless, now moments from suicide, has been completely mentally shattered by Hamlet and has made it quite obvious. He was the fate of her father, and had apparently manipulated her quite ruthlessly. Her demise is inevitable, for her only love had hone mad and methodically destroyed all that was her reality. Shakespeare is distinct in his portrayal of this downfall. The obvious becomes just that when the aim of the author is discerned through the symbolic congruencies and events which precisely outlined the tragic decline of Ophelia’s character. The author provides a vast amount of foreshadowing in the early acts. The tragic hero then drags her into the same hell that is his personal realm. He accomplishes this by eliminating everything that had sustained her. Eventually, a the factors developed, she was overwhelmed by these acts, a reality becomes nothing more than an illusion, and she falls victim to the limits of her own mind.

Discuss individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences. The WritePass Journal

Discuss individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences. Introduction Discuss individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences. ) describes music as an art that entails thinking with sounds. Music is played all over the world in churches, homes, funerals and many other places. It is part of humanity introduced at birth with lullabies and continues throughout the course of life up to death with the funeral march (Hallam, Cross    Thaut, 2016).   It is a language that resembles speech in many aspects and has no borders. Sense of sound and rhythm are essential elements of musical functioning (Gruszka, Matthews, Szymura, 2010). Music is significantly influenced by culture in terms of content and style. As such it evokes the same emotions within members of the same culture. It has two main components (rhythm and pitch) that it uses to pass the intended message and one has to be able to understand the two in order to appreciate music (Jones, Fay Popper, 2010). Human beings are born with ability to understand and appreciate music and that is why young children appreciate lullabies. However the music potential and preferences vary from one person to the other. People have different musical preferences and this influences the amount of time and resources that they spend listening to music. This study investigates the individual differences in musical functioning with regard to social and biological influences. Individual differences in Musical Functioning Individual differences in musical functioning or musicality refer to the differences in the strength of music preference (Kern Humpal, 2012). These differences are among the most intricate psychological issues in music. An individual may be fine without music while another one may need music so much so that he or she would use huge resources to attend music concerts. The source of such differences is a major concern to psychologists. According to Deutsch (2012), the strength of music preference is a function of the role that music plays in the life of an individual. People use music for different purposes like regulating their mood and emotions, promoting self-awareness, communicating, fostering social relations, distractions, and physiological arousal. Music plays an important role in the lives of many people across the world, and many people depend on music for different purposes. The availability of music on portable devices has increased the use of music with many people making it an ubiquitous companion (Theorell, 2014).   Therefore music has a profound effect on the lives of many individuals as it influences their thinking, feelings, behaviour and perception. These factors influence the lives of individuals depending on the level of dependence on music and the specific type of music (Haas Brandes, 2009). As such it is important to ascertain the factors that influence music preference. Individual differences in musical functioning belong to an area in psychology that still remains largely unexplored (McPherson, 2016). People like certain artists, tunes, and styles more than the others. The other individuals also have different musical preferences. This is what is termed as style/genre preferences under music preference. In addition to this, individual differences also exist in terms of the extent to which people listen to music. The extent to which people love and enjoy music differs from one individual to the other (Gruszka, Matthews Szymura, 2010). The knowledge on why people form preferences on certain types of music still remain fragmented partly because music plays different roles in the lives of people (Theorell, 2014). This is what is termed as the strength of preference under musical preference. The major issue of concern to psychologists is the source of these individual differences in strength and genre/style. Strong music preference is an indication tha t an individual spends a lot of time listening to music, going to concerts and buying music. The decision to invest time and money to listening to music is a sign that music is useful to the lives of these people. Individual differences in musical functioning are a multifaceted phenomenon that has continuously eluded psychologists, researchers and musicologists (McPherson, 2016). However, some factors that affect musical functioning have been identified and they include exposure, musical characteristics, genre and personality. The factors that affect musical preference can be grouped into two broad categories namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are inherent and they include melody, structure and timbre. The extrinsic factors on the other hand include social influence, personality and emotions. Social influence on Musical Functioning Social influence is one of the factors that influence the development of individual preferences in music. This starts at the adolescence stage and continues late into adulthood (Zelazo, 2013). Adolescents often have a strong desire to do the same things that their peers are doing in order to belong.   They also tend to dislike the things that their peers dislike. As such they will tend to like the same music that their peers like (Theorell, 2014). They listen to music to create an impression, develop self-image and please their friends. According to McPherson (2016), the teenagers often desire to identify themselves with certain groups that they consider as being â€Å"cool† and distance themselves with those that they regard as being â€Å"old-fashioned†. Therefore they tend to develop musical preferences that are similar to members of their group and avoid those of the other groups that they regard as â€Å"not being cool†. This implies that musical preferenc es are partly created for the purpose of serving a function of group differentiation (Damon Lerner, 2006). According to Juslin Sloboda (2010), individuals often tend to like the music that was popular during the years that they reached maturity age. The music preference developed at this point is often a function of the songs that are popular among the friends. However, the events that occur in late adolescence and early adulthood often shape the music preference for the rest of adulthood. When individuals first leave home and start being independent, they are often influenced by their peer groups. They spend a lot of time with their peers and tend to like what their peers like and dislike what their peers dislike (Damon Lerner, 2006). They will like the same songs as they go to concerts together and spend most of their free time doing the same things. For instance the people who fail to acquire higher education tend to like songs that depict a care free attitude to justify their condition. Therefore social perceptions significantly influence the type of music preferred by people. Accor ding to the social learning theory, people learn through observation (Lehmann,   Sloboda,   Woody, 2007). When people are rewarded for certain behaviours like listening to a certain genre of music, others tend to learn from it and are likely to imitate the behaviour in order to reap the same benefits. People tend to use music socially as a way of reinforcing their self-image. For instance conservative people are more inclined to listen to music that is conventional. Furthermore, people use music to communicate to the world by expressing their ideal self-image. The preferences of society may increase or inhibit the spread of certain music genres thereby influencing their potential to be preferred by individuals (Feezell, 2008 and Gruszka, Matthews Szymura, 2010). For instance when it was discovered that Mozart music positively affected spatial IQ , more people started listening to classical music. This exposure increase the preference for classical music as it was considered es sential for children (Hallam, Cross    Thaut, 2016). This indicates the power of society to influence music perception and preference. Therefore the influence of society is one of the most significant factors that influence individual music preferences. The type of music that people are exposed to from childhood is highly dependent on what the society considers popular and appropriate. For instance the mainstream media may prefer playing certain music over the others thereby influencing the preference of individuals. Biological influence on Musical Functioning Music Cognition A series of processes is often activated when listening to music; these processes include melody recognition, memory of the music, recognising the lyrics and emotional response (Lehmann, Sloboda,   Woody, 2007). These basic processes are often integrated by complex mechanisms in the brain where various neural circuits take part simultaneously and some in succession. Identifying the specific tasks involved in processing music and the various interactions requires theoretical models. According to the functional architecture model proposed by Peretz and Coltheart, perception of monophonic tunes is organised by two independent systems working simultaneously (Sloboda, 2004).   The melodic system aids in processing melody whereas the temporal system processes tempo. The melodic system processes all information on melody and differentiates the two main components (i.e. note and intervals). All the perception mechanisms are required for processing melodic contour. Melodic processing is done in right superior temporal gyrus (Lehmann, Sloboda,   Woody, 2007). Both the melodic and temporal systems work in coordination with each other and as such a damaged brain may lose its ability to perceive music. Both the melodic and temporal systems relay information to musical lexicon to generate musical repertoire. Musical lexicon includes music repertoire and has a perceptual representation of all the things that an individual has be exposed to (Kern Humpal, 2012). Furthermore, it also contains a memory that stores new music to aid in the recognition of melodies that are both familiar and non-familiar. As such if damage occurs to the musical lexicon, an individual becomes unable to perceive familiar melodies or even record new ones. Information from the musical lexicon is often relayed extemporaneously or immediately after stimulus reception to different areas depending on the required action (Haas Brandes, 2009). Phonological lexicon is often activated to aid in the retrieval of lyrics, phonological and articulation prepares an individual for singing, motor functions are responsible for producing music, and the multimodal associative memories are used for retrieving information that is not musical (Jones, Fay Popper, 2010). The perceptual modules are linked to the memory processes and emotional pathways to aid in music recognition and emotional experience. Non emotional processing and emotional processing are independent and as such damage to one may not damage the other. Any impairment to these connections often leads to difficulties in being able to integrate musical processes. Influence of Biological Factors on Individual Differences According to Sloboda (2004).  , music has rarely been studied from the biological perspective as it is mostly perceived as a function of culture. However, biological factors significantly influence musical preferences (Feezell, 2008). The ability of an individual to process and appreciate music is dependent on cognitive functions. Individual differences in self-perception and personality influence musical preference. Therefore people may opt to like music that will allow them to express themselves to the others on how they would like to be perceived. Moreover, individual differences influence the purpose for which people listen to music (Zelazo, 2013). One of the reasons why people listen to music is to regulate their emotions and help them cope with the daily challenges in life. The differences in musical preference and reasons for listening to music are indications that intelligence and personality partly influence how people use music. Personality and intelligence influence the type of music people listen to, how often they listen to it and the reasons for listening to music (Sloboda, 2004). For instance the intellectuals like those with high IQs are more inclined to like conventional/ reflective music and as such are likely to use it for their intellectual purposes rather than for emotional consumption (Juslin Sloboda 2010). This is because of their higher cognitive ability. This is clearly noticeable in their preference for jazz or classical music not because they do not elicit emotions but because the complexity of the genre is more inclined to suit the interests of people seeking experiences that are intellectually stimulating. On the other end are extraverts who may rely on music to stimulate their activity level when carrying out monotonous tasks like doing dishes or jogging. This implies that the role music plays in the life of an individual is partly determined by the level of arousal (Lilienfeld, et al 2011). This is particularly evident for thos e with high or low level of arousal average. The interference caused by background music on cognitive processes is higher in introverts than extraverts (Rickard McFerran, 2012). Damon Lerner (2006), claim that the association between musical use and other traits remain largely unexplored although some relationship may be expected. For instance people who suffer from emotional instability and regularly experience negative emotions are more likely to use music to regulate their emotions. Cognitive research has established that these people listen to music more for the purpose of managing their emotions (Rickard McFerran, 2012). Furthermore, they are more sensitive to the emotions elicited by music and as such find music essential for regulating their emotions. Conscientious people on the other hand react differently to music. Conscientious people are those that have traits which are inversely correlated to psychoticism and creativity (Lilienfeld, et al 2011).   Conscientious peop le are less likely to use music for regulating their emotions as they are likely to use it for other purposes. Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biological and social factors on individual musical functioning. The findings show that individual musical preferences and use of music is influenced by both social and biological factors. The social factors mostly influence the type of music people prefer to listen to whereas the biological factors influence the reasons for listening to music. The major social factors that influence the choice of music that people listen to are peers and the society as they determine the kind of music that is played regularly. The biological factors on the other hand influence the purpose for which people listen to music. The purpose for which people listen to music is closely associated with the frequency of listening to music than the choice of music (Hallam, Cross    Thaut, 2016). Therefore biological factors are also responsible for the amount of time and resources people spend to listen to music. However, it is important to note that b oth the biological and social factors significantly contribute to the individual differences in musical functioning. References Damon, W. Lerner, R. M., (2006).  Handbook of child psychology. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Deutsch, D. (2012).  The psychology of music. London : Academic Press. Feezell, J. T. (2008).  Stereotype: The influence of music preferences on political attitudes and behaviour. Santa Barbara, Calif.: University of California, Santa Barbara. Gruszka, A., Matthews, G., Szymura, B. (2010).  Handbook of individual differences in cognition: Attention, memory, and executive control. New York: Springer. Hallam, S., Cross, I.,    Thaut, M. (2016).  The Oxford handbook of music psychology. Oxford : Oxford University Press Haas, R., Brandes, V. (2009).  Music that works: Contributions of biology, neurophysiology, psychology, sociology, medicine and musicology. Wien: Springer. Jones, M. R., Fay, R. R., Popper, A. N. (2010).  Music perception. New York: Springer. Juslin, P. N., Sloboda, J. A. (2010).  Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kern, P., Humpal, M. E. (2012).  Early childhood music therapy and autism spectrum disorders: Developing potential in young children and their families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Lehmann, A. C., Sloboda, J. A., Woody, R. H. (2007).  Psychology for musicians: Understanding and acquiring the skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., Beyerstein, B. L. (2011).  50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. McPherson, G. (2016).  The child as musician: A handbook of musical development. Oxford : Oxford University Press Rickard, N. S., McFerran, K. (2012).  Lifelong engagement with music: Benefits for mental health and well-being. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science. Sloboda, J. (2004).  Exploring the musical mind: Cognition, emotion, ability, function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Theorell, T. (2014).  Psychological health effects of musical experiences: Theories, studies and reflections in music health science. London: Springer Zelazo, P. D. (2013).  The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Utility and Marginality

Utility and Marginality Introduction The classical economist, Adam Smith, presented the diamond-water paradox theory in academic circles. Concisely, the diamond-water paradox theory refers to the outright contradiction that, despite water being more useful for human survival than diamonds, the latter is highly priced in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utility and Marginality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Blaug (1962) observes that, Adam Smith had presented this theory based on value, which in this context had two meanings: value in use and value in exchange. Water has a higher value in use since it is more essential for human survival than diamonds (p.17). However, since water is readily available in almost all human habitats, it has lower/little value in exchange. On the other hand, diamond is very scarce; therefore, most people would be willing to give more money in its exchange than water, making it a very expensive commod ity. Adam Smith’s presentation of the theory later came under criticism because the comparison being between heterogeneous commodities could have been explained better by the concept of marginal utility, which he had ignored. Wage Determination in Labor Markets Marginality is a term used for reference to a commodity pricing process that is neither based on the usefulness (total Utility) nor the amount of labor expended for production, but rather on its marginal utility. Marginal utility can be explained by assuming a rational consumer will consume commodities A and B in such a combination as to derive maximum utility. Further, consumption of any additional unit by the consumer marginal utility derived would be smaller. This phenomenon (reducing marginal utility) is known as diminishing marginal utility. Since water is readily available, its average consumption per person is relatively high, hence results in low marginal utility. Diamond, on the other hand, is scarce; therefor e, the average consumption of diamond per person is very low and resulting to a high marginal utility. Due to its high marginality, many people are willing to pay a higher price for diamonds than for water. A further scenario that has greatly drawn attention is the paradox of value in the fields of sport and that of noble professions such as teaching. Teachers, in any part of the world, receive very low salaries for their highly esteemed service to the society.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, sportsmen draw fat paychecks for mere entertainment, a service that society would comfortably live in its absence. The question, however that arises is as to whether this pricing gaps between the two commodities is justifiable. Ensuing is a discussion on the two professions and the factors that lead to such a lift in the market pricing. Several factors determi ne the wage levels in the labor market. Atchison, Belcher, and Thomsen classified the factors that influence wages in the market into four categories: â€Å"economic, institutional, behavioral, and equity considerations† (2000, p.50). Economic factors refer to the general market forces of supply and demand. Economic factors would perhaps offer a quick explanation as to why a teacher would get a much lower pay than a professional athlete; the teaching industry has more labor supply than the athletics industry therefore the athlete can easily bargain a higher salary than that a teacher. In addition, when one considers the institutional ability and willingness to pay, again it becomes evident that the athletics profession would pay highly since it brings in high revenues as compared to the teaching profession. For instance, the typical sources of revenue for the athletics sport would include ticket sales, commission from food sales, advertisements, sale of broadcasting rights, a nd sale of branded merchandise. The overall revenue collected is usually a huge amount and given the low numbers of athletes then the paycheck is a huge sum of money. On the other hand, the number of teachers is very big and the source of revenues is usually limited to payments from students as well as the budgetary allocations by the government. Given the limited revenues, the teacher has no option but to accept a lower pay than an athlete does. Behavioral factors for wage determination that include competition in the industry play a key role in wage determination. Whereas competition is not a key consideration for a teacher, competition is a key determinant for an athlete, which then means that the teaching discipline would be more congested than the athletics’. Lastly, the principles of equity as a factor of wage determination, dictates that the revenues available be disseminated equitably among the players, which leaves the teacher with a lower average pay than the athlet e because of low revenues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utility and Marginality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Diamond-Water Paradox and athletes’ salaries Paradox of value theory as stated above refers to a scenario where a commodity that is seen to as essential to human life is lowly priced, whereas a commodity of little value to human life is highly priced. Teaching is a service that is very important to society as a teacher is the porter who molds the pupil’s future. On the other hand, a sportsman at best would offer just entertainment to society. Despite the great role a teacher plays in shaping the society’s future, the teacher earns significantly lower pay than a sportsperson. As elucidated above, the major explanation for the huge gap in pricing of the two commodities is neither the labor input nor total utility but marginal utility. Whereas a teacher would reach to a very few s tudents (low marginality) sportsman on the other hand, would reach an enormous number of his fans (high Marginality). Athletes’ Salaries and Pricing of sporting events Questions arise as to the connection between the huge salaries for athletics and the pricing of sporting events. Landsburg (2000) stated that â€Å"it’s not his salary that raises the ticket but his ability to raise ticket prices.† An athlete commands a large base of fans that in most cases is willing to reward his/her rare abilities and skills by buying the ticket. In addition, the purchase of the highly priced ticket for a sporting event is purely the consumer’s choice and no one can take away such discretion (Murray, 2002, p.26). Another reason that influences the pricing is market supply and demand forces; given the high demand and limited supply of the sporting event, naturally the prices adjust to bring market operations to a state of equilibrium. The sporting profession has continued to reward its players attractively over the years. In baseball, for example, currently the highly paid player is Alex Rodriguez of New York who earns an average pay of $33 million per year. Therefore, the high salaries of athletes do not raise prices of the sporting events; fans are willing to pay the high prices to enjoy what athletes have to offer and this has in effect increased players’ salaries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Conclusion The Diamond-water Paradox theory puts forth the generalization and a solid pricing strategy based on marginality and utility. It posits that it is not the total utility (usefulness of diamonds or water) that matters, but the marginal utility (usefulness of each unit of Diamond or Water). In my personal view, the hiring practice of sportsmen should not be regulated since the field has natural regulatory forces that precipitate the best sports teams of the time. Therefore, regulations are not necessary. References Atchison, T., Belcher, D., Thomsen, D. (2000). Wage level And Its Determinants. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Print. Blaug, M. (1962). Economic Theory in Retrospect. Cambridge University Press. Print. Landsburg, S. (2000). At $10 a fan, That’s $17 million. The New York Times. Retrieved from web. Murray, C. (2002, September 6). Scoring the Big Money: Do athletes deserve so many Millions? Here is how you might be responsible for Jete’s paycheck. New York Times Upfront, 42, pp.26.

World War II Turning Points in the Pacific

World War II Turning Points in the Pacific Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and other Allied possessions around the Pacific, Japan swiftly moved to expand its empire. In Malaya, Japanese forces under General Tomoyuki Yamashita executed a lightning campaign down the peninsula, forcing superior British forces to retreat to Singapore. Landing on the island on February 8, 1942, Japanese troops compelled General Arthur Percival to surrender six days later. With the fall of Singapore, 80,000 British and Indian troops were captured, joining the 50,000 taken earlier in the campaign (Map). In the Netherlands East Indies, Allied naval forces attempted make a stand at the Battle of the Java Sea on February 27. In the main battle and in actions over the next two days, the Allies lost five cruisers and five destroyers, effectively ending their naval presence in the region. Following the victory, Japanese forces occupied the islands, seizing their rich supplies of oil and rubber (Map). Invasion of the Philippines To the north, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, the Japanese, who had landed in December 1941, drove US and Filipino forces, under General Douglas MacArthur, back to the Bataan Peninsula and captured Manila. In early January, the Japanese began attacking the Allied line across Bataan. Though stubbornly defending the peninsula and inflicting heavy casualties, US and Filipino forces were slowly pushed back and supplies and ammunition began to dwindle (Map). Battle of Bataan With the US position in the Pacific crumbling, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave his headquarters on the fortress island of Corregidor and relocate to Australia. Departing on March 12, MacArthur turned over command of the Philippines to General Jonathan Wainwright. Arriving in Australia, MacArthur made a famous radio broadcast to the people of the Philippines in which he promised I Shall Return. On April 3, the Japanese launched a major offensive against the Allied lines on Bataan. Trapped and with his lines shattered, Major General Edward P. King surrendered his remaining 75,000 men to the Japanese on April 9. These prisoners endured the Bataan Death March which saw approximately 20,000 die (or in some cases escape) en route to POW camps elsewhere on Luzon. Fall of the Philippines With Bataan secure, the Japanese commander, Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma, focused his attention on the remaining US forces on Corregidor. A small fortress island in Manila Bay, Corregidor served as the Allied headquarters in the Philippines. Japanese troops landed on the island on the night of May 5/6 and met fierce resistance. Establishing a beachhead, they were quickly reinforced and pushed the American defenders back. Later that day Wainwright asked Homma for terms and by May 8 the surrender of the Philippines was complete. Though a defeat, the valiant defense of Bataan and Corregidor bought valuable time for Allied forces in the Pacific to regroup. Bombers from Shangri-La In an effort to boost public morale, Roosevelt authorized a daring raid on the home islands of Japan. Conceived by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle and Navy Captain Francis Low, the plan called for the raiders to fly B-25 Mitchell medium bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8), bomb their targets, and then continue on to friendly bases in China. Unfortunately on April 18, 1942, Hornet was sighted by a Japanese picket boat, forcing Doolittle to launch 170 miles from the intended take-off point. As a result, the planes lacked the fuel to reach their bases in China, forcing the crews to bail out or crash their aircraft. While the damage inflicted was minimal, the raid achieved the desired morale boost. Also, it stunned the Japanese, who had believed the home islands to be invulnerable to attack. As a result, several fighter units were recalled for defensive use, preventing them from fighting at the front. When asked where the bombers took off from, Roosevelt stated that They came from our secret base at Shangri-La. The Battle of the Coral Sea With the Philippines secured, the Japanese sought to complete their conquest of New Guinea by capturing Port Moresby. In doing so they hoped to bring the US Pacific Fleets aircraft carriers into battle so that they could be destroyed. Alerted to the impending threat by decoded Japanese radio intercepts, the Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz, dispatched the carriers USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Lexington (CV-2) to the Coral Sea to intercept the invasion force. Led by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, this force was soon to encounter Admiral Takeo Takagis covering force consisting of the carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku, as well as the light carrier Shoho (Map). On May 4, Yorktown launched three strikes against the Japanese seaplane base at Tulagi, crippling its reconnaissance capabilities and sinking a destroyer. Two days later, land-based B-17 bombers spotted and unsuccessfully attacked the Japanese invasion fleet. Later that day, both carrier forces began actively searching for each other. On May 7, both fleets launched all of their aircraft, and succeeded in finding and attacking secondary units of the enemy. The Japanese heavily damaged the oiler Neosho and sunk the destroyer USS Sims. American aircraft located and sunk Shoho. Fighting resumed on May 8, with both fleets launching massive strikes against the other. Dropping out of the sky, US pilots hit Shokaku with three bombs, setting it on fire and putting it out of action. Meanwhile, the Japanese attacked Lexington, hitting it with bombs and torpedoes. Though stricken, Lexingtons crew had the ship stabilized until fire reached an aviation fuel storage area causing a massive explosion. The ship was soon abandoned and sunk to prevent capture. Yorktown was also damaged in the attack. With Shoho sunk and Shokaku badly damaged, Takagi decided to retreat, ending the threat of invasion. A strategic victory for the Allies, the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first naval battle fought entirely with aircraft. Yamamotos Plan Following the Battle of Coral Sea, the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, devised a plan to draw the remaining ships of the US Pacific Fleet into a battle where they could be destroyed. To do this, he planned to invade the island of Midway, 1,300 miles northwest of Hawaii. Critical to Pearl Harbors defense, Yamamoto knew the Americans would send their remaining carriers to protect the island. Believing the US to only have two carriers operational, he sailed with four, plus a large fleet of battleships and cruisers. Through the efforts of US Navy cryptanalysts, who had broken the Japanese JN-25 naval code, Nimitz was aware of the Japanese plan and dispatched the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet, under Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance, as well as the hastily repaired Yorktown, under Fletcher, to the waters north of Midway to intercept the Japanese. The Tide Turns: The Battle of Midway At 4:30 AM on June 4, the commander of the Japanese carrier force, Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, launched a series of strikes against Midway Island. Overwhelming the islands small air force, the Japanese pounded the American base. While returning to the carriers, Nagumos pilots recommended a second strike on the island. This prompted Nagumo to order his reserve aircraft, which had been armed with torpedoes, to be rearmed with bombs. As this process was underway, one of his scout planes reported locating the US carriers. Hearing this, Nagumo reversed his rearmament command in order to attack the ships. As the torpedoes were being put back on Nagumos aircraft, American planes appeared over his fleet. Using reports from their own scout planes, Fletcher and Spruance began launching aircraft around 7:00 AM. The first squadrons to reach the Japanese were the TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet and Enterprise. Attacking at low level, they did not score a hit and suffered heavy casualties. Though unsuccessful, the torpedo planes pulled down the Japanese fighter cover, which cleared the way for the American SBD Dauntless dive bombers. Striking at 10:22, they scored multiple hits, sinking the carriers Akagi, Soryu, and Kaga. In response, the remaining Japanese carrier, Hiryu, launched a counterstrike that twice disabled Yorktown. That afternoon, US dive bombers returned and sunk Hiryu to seal the victory. His carriers lost, Yamamoto abandoned the operation. Disabled, Yorktown was taken under tow, but was sunk by the submarine I-168 en route to Pearl Harbor. To the Solomons With the Japanese thrust in the central Pacific blocked, the Allies devised a plan to prevent the enemy from occupying the southern Solomon Islands and using them as bases for attacking Allied supply lines to Australia. To accomplish this goal, it was decided to land on the small islands of Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tamambogo, as well as on Guadalcanal where the Japanese were building an airfield. Securing these islands would also be the first step towards isolating the main Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. The task of securing the islands largely fell to the 1st Marine Division led by Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift. The Marines would be supported at sea by a task force centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3), led by Fletcher, and an amphibious transport force commanded by Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner. Landing at Guadalcanal On August 7, the Marines landed on all four islands. They met fierce resistance on Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tamambogo, but were able to overwhelm the 886 defenders who fought to the last man. On Guadalcanal, the landings went largely unopposed with 11,000 Marines coming ashore. Pressing inland, they secured the airfield the next day, renaming it Henderson Field. On August 7 and 8, Japanese aircraft from Rabaul attacked the landing operations (Map). These attacks were beaten off by aircraft from Saratoga. Due to low fuel and concerned about further loss of aircraft, Fletcher decided to withdraw his task force on the night of the 8th. With his air cover removed, Turner had no choice but follow, despite the fact that less than half of the Marines equipment and supplies had been landed. That night the situation worsened when Japanese surface forces defeated and sank four Allied (3 US, 1 Australian) cruisers at the Battle of Savo Island. The Fight for Guadalcanal After consolidating their position, the Marines completed Henderson Field and established a defensive perimeter around their beachhead. On August 20, the first aircraft arrived flying in from the escort carrier USS Long Island. Dubbed the Cactus Air Force, the aircraft at Henderson would prove vital in the coming campaign. In Rabaul, Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake was tasked with retaking the island from the Americans and Japanese ground forces were routed to Guadalcanal, with Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi taking command at the front. Soon the Japanese were launching probing attacks against the Marines lines. With the Japanese bringing reinforcements to the area, the two fleets met at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on August 24-25. An American victory, the Japanese lost the light carrier Ryujo and were unable to bring their transports to Guadalcanal. On Guadalcanal, Vandegrifts Marines worked on strengthening their defenses and benefited from the arrival of additional supplies. Overhead, the aircraft of the Cactus Air Force flew daily to defend the field from Japanese bombers. Prevented from bringing transports to Guadalcanal, the Japanese began delivering troops at night using destroyers. Dubbed the Tokyo Express, this approach worked, but deprived the soldiers of all their heavy equipment. Beginning on September 7, the Japanese began attacking the Marines position in earnest. Ravaged by disease and hunger, the Marines heroically repulsed every Japanese assault. Fighting Continues Reinforced in mid-September, Vandegrift expanded and completed his defenses. Over the next several weeks, the Japanese and Marines battled back and forth, with neither side gaining an advantage. On the night of October 11/12, US ships under, Rear Admiral Norman Scott defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Cape Esperance, sinking a cruiser and three destroyers. The fighting covered the landing of US Army troops on the island and prevented reinforcements from reaching the Japanese. Two nights later, the Japanese dispatched a squadron centered on the battleships Kongo and Haruna, to cover transports heading to Guadalcanal and to bombard Henderson Field. Opening fire at 1:33 AM, the battleships struck the airfield for nearly an hour and half, destroying 48 aircraft and killing 41. On the 15th, the Cactus Air Force attacked the Japanese convoy as it unloaded, sinking three cargo ships. Guadalcanal Secured Beginning on October 23, Kawaguchi launched a major offensive against Henderson Field from the south. Two nights later, they nearly broke through Marines line, but were repulsed by Allied reserves. As the fighting was raging around Henderson Field, the fleets collided at the Battle of Santa Cruz on October 25-27. Though a tactical victory for the Japanese, having sunk Hornet, they suffered high losses among their air crews and were forced to retreat. The tide on Guadalcanal finally turned in the Allies favor following the naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 12-15. In a series of aerial and naval engagements, US forces sank two battleships, a cruiser, three destroyers, and eleven transports in exchange for two cruisers and seven destroyers. The battle gave the Allies naval superiority in the waters around Guadalcanal, allowing for massive reinforcements to land and the beginning of offensive operations. In December, the battered 1st Marine Division was withdrawn and replaced by XIV Corps. Attacking the Japanese on January 10, 1943, XIV Corps forced the enemy to evacuate the island by February 8. The six month campaign to take the island was one of the longest of the Pacific war and was the first step in pushing back the Japanese.

Birth Order and Its Effect on Personality Research Paper

Birth Order and Its Effect on Personality - Research Paper Example Birth order can be defined as the position one has in a family in relation to the other siblings. For instance a person can be a first born, second or even a last born. There are some people who are normally only children to their parents. All these are termed as birth orders. According to research, birth order has various effects on an individual's personality. (Adler, 1956)It is very important to study this issue because it helps to in understanding the different personalities in relation to birth order. This study is very important to educators or teachers because it helps them to understand the behavioral differences among the students. It will also help them to know how to relate to different personalities of students and also fellow teachers. (Adler, 1956) This study is very fundamental to counselors. This is because it helps them to understand the behavioral differences in their clients. This makes it easier for them to give more pragmatic solutions basing on having such prior knowledge. This study is very essential to parents as it helps them to understand the different personality traits among their children. It is also important to study this issue as it helps us understand ourselves more as individuals. This helps us to understand why we behave the way we do. This also helps people to understand each other in various dimensions of relationships. This includes relationships between siblings and marriage etc. Our ordinal positioning in the family highly affects how we develop. According to research the ordinal positioning of a child affects his or her personality traits. There are various researchers that have studied this issue concerning birth order and personality traits. Alderian theory Alfred Adler is one of the psychologists who carried out research on this issue. This was carried out in the early 1920's. According to Adler, there are various variables that contribute to the birth order theory. He explains that there are chances that a child can take his or her sibling's position if the environment allows it. Adler explains that in case a child has a physical disability for instance, then his or her sibling will automatically take part of the sibling's birth order traits. (Adler, 1956) Adler concurs that there can be other influences that can affect a child's personality. These include gender roles, social and economic position and parental attitudes. Adler's findings show that the spacing of the children has a big impact on their personality traits. There is high impact on the positioning of children if they are separated by more than three years. (Adler, 1956) According to Adler an only child will in most cases have adult like speech because he or she receives two hundred of the parent's attention. Such a child he says always prefers to be in the midst of adults than his or her peers. In most cases parents who have an only child over protect and end up spoiling the child. (Birth Order Dynamics 2007) According to Adler, the first child always feels dethroned when the second born comes along. This makes him or her to feel a bit insecure and conservative. The first born will in this case exhibit authoritarian characters and become strict. (Adler, 1956) Second born in

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Project Management - Essay Example Summary of the article and exploration of the raised issues The article identifies Mark Bew as the man who is in charge of ensuring that government contractors subscribe and adhere to Business Information Technology. He heads a government agency whose role is to ensure application of BIM and recounts that significant progress has been achieved over the scope of his work and that of his agency. Even though the application promises a higher level of efficiency and reduced costs, it has been a difficult task convincing both government departments and contractors to adapt BIM. In its scope of reducing the cost of government constructions, the application faces both culture and technology based challenges. While technological developments empower institutions to BIM’s application, only about 33 percent of professionals applied BIM by the year 2011. This was an improvement from the recorded 13 percent in the year 2010 and about 75 percent of the professional who were informed of the application promised to use it in the year 2012. The application has also been poorly defined and this could be a factor to its low rate of use besides different opinions and expectations from stakeholders. The different groups of stakeholders report their developed concerns, to Bew, that are then forwarded to the cabinet for consideration. BIM also operates in different levels of shared information. Level 2 BIM reserves proprietary rights while level 3 BIM is more open. Its information disclosure is however similar to the current impacts of the social media and should therefore not pose serious threats. The swift implementation of BIM and its associated jargon has also identified differences among stakeholders. â€Å"Culture and integration† is one of the bases of such differences, as some of the stakeholders believe that implementing the application requires a preliminary cultural transition and development of a level of integration (Construction Manager, 18). The amount o f information to be shared in the model is another concern of the different stakeholders with opinions that the government would require more than necessary data from subscribing parties. Balancing scorecard in application of BIM is another identified concern because of the government’s procurement need that prioritizes the lowest bidder and the need for BIM compliance since the lowest bidder may lack the compliance as opposed to the most costly bidder. Other issues that application of BIM faces include â€Å"finding a wider audience,† â€Å"integrated project insurance,† and â€Å"charter for new consultants† (Construction Manager, 20). Crotty however identifies a competitive advantage and efficiency from contractors’ application of BIM as benefits because of the precision in description of construction components and ease in identification of contractors’ products (Construction Manager, 2012). Development and application of Building Inform ation Modelling has marked a significant transition in the construction industry, from two dimensional drawings that required multiple representation and could still not be interpreted by computers, to a three dimensional models that are can be interpreted by computer systems (Easman, 2009). The new approach applies computer software for managing data (Chartered Institute of building, 2011). The application has diversified advantages such as

Psychology of Language - The Differences between Boys and Girls in Essay

Psychology of Language - The Differences between Boys and Girls in Language Development - Essay Example Their natural born, biological attributes may more important to their acquisition of language than the way they are nurtured. Chomsky believes that children have an innate ability to learn language and that this ability only needs to be triggered by verbal input from their environment. (Chomsky, 1972) Two other prevalent theories on language development in children are Piaget’s idea of cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky’s concept of social constructivism and language. Piaget suggests that language is simply one of the ways children represent the world with which they are familiar. It reflects but does not contribute to the development of thinking. Piaget believed that cognitive development precedes the development of language. (1955) Vygotsky believed that language impacts such that language is a form of social communication that gradually promotes both language itself and cognition. (1978, 1985) In general, these theories recognize that children are co-constructors in their world and that their development of language is a part of their holistic development that emerges from their cognitive, social and emotional interactions. We are now well aware that male and female brains are different. Anatomical and chemical differences begin early in development due to genetic and hormonal events and continue throughout life, but understanding these differences is difficult. We recognize the importance of considering sex differences when designing and interpreting studies, but our understanding of the differences is so unclear that interpreting the results is full of pitfalls. (Becker, J. B. et al. 2005) This is equally as true in studies of gender differences in language acquisition as elsewhere. Although much of the work on gender differences in language acquisition is speculative, some information is known. We realize that there are differences between

Assessment for Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment for Learning - Essay Example This essay will talk about the student-centred assessment process on vocational teaching and learning process. MCAST is offering a chance to several individuals to acquire effective knowledge and skills in order to make themselves more employable through the lifelong education and assessment process (MCAST, 2010, p.1). This study will discuss the student-centred assessment approach to MCAST Art & Design Institute’s Media Studies subject. In student-centred learning process, the students play an important part in the learning evaluation. In this process, the students can decide the demonstration of their learning process. The students should develop an assessment that supports motivation and learning which can be thought of to be an important criterion of student-centred approaches. Media studies generally deals with the history, effects and contents of several media. Media studies deal with traditions from the humanities and social sciences. Communication science, mass communi cation, communication studies and communication are the important ingredients of the media studies. MCAST Art & design institute incorporated these subject matters in Media studies. MCAST conducts assessments in the international and national context of higher education. The major aim of student-centred assessment strategy in MCAST is to develop skills, knowledge and competencies. The program learning outcomes are very much practical. These outcomes are focused to help the students to develop their skills, competencies and knowledge. This program has several clear and transparent program assessment strategies like assessment plans. The learning assessment strategies are very much student focused. Both the program teams and program board work together to develop the skills, competencies and knowledge of the students. In this process students are supported and encouraged to become significant independent learners. E-learning facility and advanced technology are implemented to assist t he students to achieve the learning outcomes. It is important that the teachers should help their students to make a positive approach to the subject matter. Student centred assessment strategy is important in the vocational institutions as it helps the students to provide the practical knowledge. It is important for the students to gain practical knowledge in the media studies. The institution focused on providing effective practical guide to the students. It is important to apply Student-centred assessment approach in media studies. It will help to fulfil the special needs of students. This educational approach of students has several propositions for the designing of the course content, curriculum, assessment of courses and evaluation process. Question 2 Formative, summative and portfolio assessment methods are three major assessment methods. Formative assessment takes place throughout the learning program. In MCAST, the learner is assessed and provided feedback during the learni ng process. It is known as the formative assessment. On the other hand, summative assignment helps to assess the students at predetermined points at the end of the learning process. Portfolio assessment can be described as the collection of activities that are linked with concepts which are required for the students to learn. Validity of an assessment method is the specific extent that helps to measure the suitability of the interpretation of outcomes. It is a matter of degree. There are four types of validity, such as content