Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Models Health And Social Care Essay

Health may be defined as ‘the absence of disease and infirmary ‘ ( Stroebe, 2000 ) or instead ‘not simply an absence of disease or infirmary but a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing ( World Health Organisation, 1948 ) . One definition more luxuriant than the other, the latter proposing wellness is effected by other factors that can non be physically measured. Since the start of development people have looked back to seek to explicate and understand the factors that influence human maps in relation to wellness and unwellness. Many theoreticians developed positions and theoretical accounts of wellness in order to demo wellness professionals how to advance and better wellness in society ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . Two changing theoretical accounts of wellness, unwellness and disease will be discussed in this essay and how they could be applied to Dietetics. These theoretical accounts are the biomedical theoretical account and the biopsychosocial theoretical account. The usage of one theoretical account over another in health care will be reflected on and the one most suited for usage in Dieteticss will be highlighted. The biomedical theoretical account of illness dressed ores on the physical and biological traits of disease, and to bring around these traits will bring around disease ( Engel, 1977 ) . Biomedical theoreticians have a dualist belief in that the organic structure is a machine merely apprehensible subjectively by its compartments, separate from the head ( Morrisson & A ; Bennet, 2006 ) . Much scientific discipline today stemmed from cognition of physical diseases from old ages ago that were treated rapidly and expeditiously utilizing regulations and principles for intervention, with the ensuing effect being remedy, control or decease. This biomedical theoretical account of wellness dominated health care in the past century as all disease was thought to stem from cellular abnormalcies ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . It was exclusionist in its signifier in that those who suffered from assorted societal divergence upsets, societal accommodations reactions, character upsets, and dependence syndromes would be excluded from mental unwellness as these upsets arise in those with integral neurophysiological operation ( Engel, 1977 ) . So what were the effects of those who did non suit into this class? Unfortunately many were disregarded and ignored, or more highly in the 1700 ‘s daze tactics were used to convey them back to being ‘normal ‘ ( Bernstein & A ; Nash, 2008 ) . Alternatively following in a similar model of the WHO ‘s definition of wellness, the biopsycholsocial theoretical account of wellness incorporates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors that contribute to person ‘s wellness. It was Sigmund Freud who foremost looked at a individual ‘s behavior in the 1920 ‘s and investigated how it may reflect their wellness position ; although grounds was limited it built the land work for interesting surveies that would associate personality to disease ( Morrisson & A ; Bennett, 2006 ) . Convincingly, today, it is thought two-thirds of our behavior can be linked to our wellness ( Morrisson & A ; Bennet, 2006 ) . The biopsychosocial theoretical account is both nonsubjective and subjective in its application. With this, a humanistic attack can be taken and it is thought that behavior upsets appear when self-actualisation is blocked. The dietitian utilizing this theoretical account would look at a individual ‘s life style, and societal and cultural factors that affect the person ‘s wellness behavior. Reasons behind this behavior can be established and methods for altering it to better wellness can be established. Dietary appraisal encourages the dietitian to place with the patient potency and existent wellness jobs. While some jobs will be linked to specific medical conditions e.g. Chron ‘s Disease, others will be specific to persons, their psychological science and their societal and cultural position e.g. fleshiness ( Aggelton & A ; Chalmers, 2000 ) . In making this the patient is more likely to grok and accept the advice and hence comply with intervention. If a biomedical theoretical account of appraisal was used, a dietician would be more interested in what is medically incorrect with the patient, focal point on marks and symptoms, and jobs that arise from unwellness that can be solved. The dietitian would give a general list of regulations for the corpulent patient to follow with to cut down their weight in a general hierarchal mode. Important inquiries such as, does the patient understand? Can they afford a healthier diet? and what resources do they necessitate to assist command farther deductions of their disease? would finally be neglected. As one can see, the patient would hold small or no duty of the cause of unwellness and therefore is classed as a victim of circumstance who becomes a inactive receiver of intervention by utilizing a biomedical theoretical account in audiences ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . Engel ( 1977 ) supported the thought of utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account in health care so as to give attention and intervention holistically to patients. He suggests that by incorporating an unwellness into person ‘s life and demoing them solutions to jobs that may originate encourages a patient to see how they can get by with their unwellness or disease. In a infirmary the map of a multidisciplinary squad is to see a disease from every subjects point of position and to demo how each subject can lend to the patient ‘s single attention and symptom direction when populating with their unwellness. This coaction of thoughts will look at medical, societal, psychological, cultural, and physical facets of attention. The patient is more likely to prosecute and follow with intercessions if they are happy with their intervention and the practicians involved ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . However when utilizing the biomedical theoretical account and puting orders for the patient, a patient-dietitian relationship may be effected which will do strain on the overall patient result, e.g. if a patient ‘s concerns are neglected by a dietitian they are less likely to follow with intervention and more likely to acquire stressed on seeing that dietitian ( Engel, 1977 ) . Increase in stress degrees like this can increase blood sugar degrees and blood for ce per unit area during a hospital stay therefore impacting a patient ‘s length of stay in infirmary. The grounds suggests that a individual ‘s emotional province ever reflects their map and presentation of symptoms, therefore utilizing a biomedical theoretical account in appraisal can take to a practician disregarding possible path causes of a patients job ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . A instance in point is eating upsets. There are so many avenues that contribute to an eating upset and no individual cause or symptoms can take to diagnosis but a complex twine of symptoms that will take to a summational diagnosing ( National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2010 ) . A biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness would assist the practician to look beyond the patient posing in forepart of them into the assorted factors in that patient ‘s life and how this may impact their eating wonts and forms. By diging farther into this patient ‘s life the practician could acquire a broad image of behavioral, psychological, cultural and environmental influences on these patients eating wonts. It is recommended in this state of affairs, being really complex, a practician would necessitate a assortment of motivational interviewing accomplishments and have knowledge of cognitive behavioral therapy ( American Dietetic Association, 2001 ) . Alternatively, if a dietician was to utiliz e a biomedical theoretical account of wellness many issues would be left untreated as merely the job of weight loss and malnutrition would be managed, when it is scientifically proved that many other emotional complexnesss play a polar function in eating upsets ( ADA, 2001 ) . It could so be summarised so, that from a traditional point of position, utilizing a biomedical theoretical account does non let one to look to cut down mortality rates but instead partly contributes to betterments in health care together with other factors such as life style, nutrition, emotions and sanitation. On the other manus by utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account one can look at wellness publicity and primary bar of unwellnesss and disease ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . The WHO ( 2005 ) offer 10 major life style subscribers to over half of the universe ‘s deceases these include, smoking, high cholesterin, high blood force per unit area, intoxicant and fleshiness. Consequently by utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness a dietician can foreground subscribers of ill-health for a patient at high hazard of developing complications or disease. The Dietitian is in a place to assist the patient cut down this hazard and derive control of their ain wellness, i. e. self-efficacy, through behaviour alteration techniques. From the literature it is apparent to see that utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account of health care incorporates the doctrines of a biomedical theoretical account nevertheless, the former has wider entreaty in that it examines more than biological factors associated with unwellness and disease. By utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account one would anticipate to, highlight countries in health care that need to better, place topographic points where wellness publicity needs to be established, and set up the best patient attention possible. Although it is non possible to wholly pretermit the biomedical theoretical account, after all, it did lead theoreticians to farther surveies and assist our health care system find remedies for specific diseases in the early centuries. However as clip goes by research improves and with that health care should better. As a consequence of all these findings, one can so reason that a biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness would be better suited to Dietetic pattern. This attack allows one to reflect on single patients and their demands, and besides emphasises Dietitians duties as health care professionals to supply holistic grounds based attention.

English Language Proficiency Essay

â€Å"English is the craziest language.† This tagline was made famous by the American author, speaker and teacher – Mr. Richard Lederer. His column, â€Å"Looking at Language†, is syndicated in newspapers and magazines throughout the United States. He has written more than 30 books, including Anguished English, Get Thee to a Punnery, Crazy English, A Man of My Words, The Word Circus, The Miracle of Language, The Cunning Linguist, Word Wizard, and Presidential Trivia. Known as a â€Å"verbivore†, a word he coined in the early 1980s, Lederer’s interests include uncovering word origins, pointing out common grammatical errors and fallacies, and exploring palindromes, anagrams, and other forms of recreational wordplay. We all know that English is the universal language and by means of this, we can easily communicate with other nationalities all over the world. Filipinos are known to be good English speakers and to start our training at an early age, schools all over the Philippines managed to have the English Policy. It wouldn’t be only a benefit for the students but for their teachers as well. Based on the past issues of ECHO, QCA already underwent a system in which the faculty club had been given a chance to go for an English training. Even the students actively participated in the said policy that they should speak English or else they will pay their penalty. It’s not about prohibiting us to use our native language but it helps us to become more confident in communicating with people. As an opening for the year 2013, ECHO wanted to know the voice of the students today regarding this matter. Would they still like the English Policy back to nurture their capabilities in this language? Let’s hear some of their opinions. â€Å"Indeed! As a student, I want to help my classmates and schoolmates to develop more about English grammar and communication. In this way we can improve our English skills,† Brian Caacbay of I – Agap A stated. John Karl de Jesus from IV – Abad Santos B said, â€Å"Yes, I still want the English Policy back in QCA because it helps students to develop their competence in the use of the certain language and to encourage positive attitudes towards learning it.† â€Å"For me it’s a yes, because it can help us to improve our grammar. It can also help us to speak more fluently in English,† Reign Mariano of I – Agap A remarked. Most of the students answered positively and this brings a great  opportunity to all of the QCAians. English may be a crazy language but it’s not that hard to learn as long as we are eager to do it for own good sake.

Business Commnication Essay

Expanded Communication Opportunities Technology allows individuals to communicate and carry on a business relationship without ever meeting face to face, so people in all parts of the world now have the chance to interact with a company in a rural part of the United States. For example, technology allowed for the emergence of the virtual assistant, a worker who completes tasks for her client online without having ever met him, in the 20th century. Communication Must Be More Deliberate Although technology has made communication instantaneous, so you don’t have o spend hours planning and composing before you communicate and wait for a long period for the reply, it has also made planning deliberate communication periods more important. First, companies that do take advantage of telecommuting and virtual offices need to deliberately plan to communicate with individuals in teams to avoid employees losing touch and to make sure all are working toward the same goals. Second, even if you work in a physical office, instantaneous communication regarding quick decisions and memos cannot replace specific communication times where big decisions are discussed and progress reports given. However, when employees are communicating in multiple ways every day, it can be easy to forget to schedule these types of meetings. Communication Is More Distracting From constantly overhearing cell phone conversations, to the worker who is constantly emailing or texting you to the incessant â€Å"ding† of your office’s instant messenger, communication tools that were designed to make you more productive can actually do the opposite. Instant communication can make it harder for workers to deal with one task at a time when their work is constantly being interrupted by comments and questions that relate to other projects or even personal issues. In fact, some employees must make an effort to turn off communication devices while they work to meet deadlines. by Miranda Morley, Demand Media References (2) †¢ Walden University College of Management and Technology: How Has Technology Changed Business? †¢ â€Å"Entrepreneur†; Effective Communication for Managing Virtual Office Employees; David G. Javitch; December 2008 Information technology is a modern phenomenon that has dramatically changed the daily lives of individuals and businesses throughout the world. Information technology is driven by the microchip, which owes its existence to the semi-conductor. IT solutions run the gamut from personal computers and computer software to production robotics to communications technology. Leveraging information technology for business success is key to survival in the modern business world. Significance Information technology has grown to permeate the business world, affecting how companies make and market their products, as well as how people communicate and accomplish their jobs in modern organizations. Specialized software shapes best-practices and industry standards, continually changing the face of business in almost every way. Production Technology Production technology has allowed modern companies to make great strides in operational efficiency and the effectiveness of human resources. Automation technology, such as assembly lines and computer-controlled machinery, can allow companies to produce unprecedented volumes of goods, and advances in transportation technology allow businesses to ship their products anywhere in the world. Information technology has also changed the way that companies operate internally. Personal computers have become a necessity for a large majority of corporate jobs, and many manual labor jobs require the use of a handheld computer or other electronic device as well. Communications Technology Leveraging advances in communications technology is imperative to surviving in the modern business world. Advances in cellular phone technology have revolutionized the way businesspeople communicate with clients, employees, suppliers and strategic partners. The Internet has revolutionized the marketing function in addition to opening up a wide range of communication options. Modern smartphones are changing the game yet again with the introduction of new and innovative applications. A small business owner can now access a web-based customer relationship management service on a smartphone from anywhere in the world, for example, allowing him to obtain vital data about contacts before making calls. Considerations While information technology solutions can contribute to the success of your organization, there are a number of unique costs to consider. In addition to the cost of implementing an IT solution, you must employ highly educated and specialized workers to maintain, monitor, expand and repair your IT infrastructure. The Future Modern information technology has gained popularity rapidly since the mid-twentieth century, and the trend is likely to continue into the future. As IT solutions continue to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations and communications, businesses will continue to rely on IT for success †¢ Small Business Bible: Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology †¢ Benefit Of: Benefits of Technology The Disadvantages of Information Technology in Business Information technology has changed the way that the world does business. Correspondence that once took weeks to get from one organization to another is now delivered instantly with the push of a button. Advances in telecommunication allow associates from all point of the globe to confer in a virtual environment, minimizing the need for business travel. Although the benefits of integrating information technology in business are many, there are also disadvantages to its use. Implementation Expenses Every business must consider startup costs when implementing any type of information technology system. In addition to the cost of hardware and software, some technology vendors require businesses to purchase user licenses for each employee that will be operating the system. Businesses must examine the cost of training employees in unfamiliar technology. Although basic information technology systems may be user friendly, advanced programs still require formal instruction by an expert consultant. In addition to the startup expenses, information technology systems are expensive to maintain. Systems malfunction, and when they do, businesses must engage skilled technicians to troubleshoot and make the necessary repairs. These expenses present a major disadvantage of information technology in business, particularly to businesses that are entering the technology era for the first time. Job Elimination Implementing information technology into business operations can save a great deal of time during the completion of daily tasks. Paperwork is processed immediately, and financial transactions are automatically calculated. Although businesses may view this expediency as a boon, there are untoward effects to such levels of automation. As technology improves, tasks that were formerly performed by human employees are now carried out by computer systems. For example, automated telephone answering systems have replaced live receptionists in many organizations. This leads to the elimination of jobs and, in some cases, alienation of clients. Unemployed specialists and once-loyal employees may have difficulty securing future employment. Security Breaches The ability to store information in an electronic database facilitates quicker, more efficient communication. In the past, an individual would sift through stacks of paper records to retrieve data. With properly implemented technology, information can be recovered at the touch of a button. Although information technology systems allow business to be conducted at a faster pace, they are not without their flaws. Information technology systems are vulnerable to security breaches, particularly when they are accessible via the Internet. If appropriate measures are not in place, unauthorized individuals may access confidential data. Information may be altered, permanently destroyed or used for unsavory purposes. Small Business Bible: Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology Information Technology & Its Role in the Modern Organization Information technology (IT) has become a vital and integral part of every business plan. From multi-national corporations who maintain mainframe systems and databases to small businesses that own a single computer, IT plays a role. The reasons for the omnipresent use of computer technology in business can best be determined by looking at how it is being used across the business world. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Sponsored Link Looking For New Customers Drive Customers To Your Website W/ Free Rs. 2000 Advertising Credit www. Google. com/AdWords Communication For many companies, email is the principal means of communication between employees, suppliers and customers. Email was one of the early drivers of the Internet, providing a simple and inexpensive means to communicate. Over the years, a number of other communications tools have also evolved, allowing staff to communicate using live chat systems, online meeting tools and video-conferencing systems. Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephones and smart-phones offer even more high-tech ways for employees to communicate. Inventory Management When it comes to managing inventory, organizations need to maintain enough stock to meet demand without investing in more than they require. Inventory management systems track the quantity of each item a company maintains, triggering an order of additional stock when the quantities fall below a pre-determined amount. These systems are best used when the inventory management system is connected to the point-of-sale (POS) system. The POS system ensures that each time an item is sold, one of that item is removed from the inventory count, creating a closed information loop between all departments. Data Management The days of large file rooms, rows of filing cabinets and the mailing of documents is fading fast. Today, most companies store digital versions of documents on servers and storage devices. These documents become instantly available to everyone in the company, regardless of their geographical location. Companies are able to store and maintain a tremendous amount of historical data economically, and employees benefit from immediate access to the documents they need. Management Information Systems Storing data is only a benefit if that data can be used effectively. Progressive companies use that data as part of their strategic planning process as well as the tactical execution of that strategy. Management Information Systems (MIS) enable companies to track sales data, expenses and productivity levels. The information can be used to track profitability over time, maximize return on investment and identify areas of improvement. Managers can track sales on a daily basis, allowing them to immediately react to lower-than-expected numbers by boosting employee productivity or reducing the cost of an item. Customer Relationship Management Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and manage customer relationships. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has with a customer, so that a more enriching experience is possible. If a customer calls a call center with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has purchased, view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively respond to the issue. The entire interaction is stored in the CRM system, ready to be recalled if the customer calls again. The customer has a better, more focused experience and the company benefits from improved productivity. In the past 20 years technology has made many changes in the world. One of the most significant changes was in business communication, with the invention of smartphones, emails, and communication apps turned business communication into a much more efficient and effective tool for the firm’s use. Throughout this essay contrasting arguments will be provided to highlight the effects of technological advancement in business communication.. One of the most innovative technological inventions used for communication purposes was the cellphone. Important time was lost when co-workers had to move within the company in order to reach other employees with the aim of exchanging valuable information towards the company success. Now with a cellphone, employees can often be found quickly by text messaging or direct calls. With the most recent advancement of technology in the cellphone industry, the smartphones offers a higher level of productivity by offering a wider range of services and tools making communication through e-mail and other apps. Employees now can reply to emails wherever they are and use free application tools to give the feedback even faster. Therefore it can be said that most firms have become more productive after the implementation of smarthphones. Computer tools combined with fast Internet connection enable Tele-Conferencing with employees or suppliers. Tele-Conferencing also helps us setup live virtual meetings, saving a lot of money for the firm as a result of lowered travel expenses; no participants of the meeting need to add extra traveling expenses. With the advancement of smartphone apps it is now possible to scan any images on demand, any place, any time; converting paperwork or photos into virtual documents. With these technological advanced phones we can send these documents to any co-worker within the company.

Museum report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum report - Essay Example I was impressed by different kinds of art including paintings and carvings. However, this report specifically puts more emphasis on the ‘Netsuke carvings’. The carving is about the ancient Japanese clothing where, Kimono (a Japanese garment without pockets). I was amused on how tiny personal effects like small knives were tucked into the garment’s sleeves which is made to slip below sash (obi), or kept in some hanging vessels called sagemono. It was amazing how ‘netsuke’, which sounds ‘nets-keh’, were incorporated as toggles in the garments to ensure the vessels carrying the personal effects was balanced. I learnt the ancient Japanese valued tobacco as the pouches were also part of the garment. The carvings were accurate, smooth, and all details were clearly portrayed. For instance, one could easily perceive that the hanging containers were balanced. Some objects made of wood or coral and looking like animals were kept together with the g arment carvings. I learnt that the animal carvings portrayed the initial garments shapes before netsuke. Japanese civilization is the act of the ancient Japanese leaving their traditional ways of life in terms of education, clothing, and socioeconomic activities to adopt the western kind of living. This began in the 19th century where foreigners were allowed to move to Japan to do some trade, during which the ancient Japan was under the leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The western rulers forced the Japanese to enter into agreement that granted them more powers in terms of economy and law. Since all foreign offences were to be tried in the western counties, it limited the powers of the Japanese. The Japanese adopted the western political systems where the emperor never ruled alone but accepted opinions or advice from other groups. In the ancient rule, the emperor gave direct unquestionable orders. Uniting armies from different domains and having a common training also

City Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

City Budget - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in making a budget a number of considerations are factored into the decision-making process which is a prerequisite in budgeting. A budget which is a financial plan aids in ensuring that funds are not misappropriated and only identified stuff is dealt with as per the plan. It shows estimate expenditures and income or revenue sources to finance the expenses. This may be in form of the different types of loans and grants, taxes, bills and the expenses include payments of human resources, initiation of new development plans, repayment of previously taken loans amongst others. Â  According to the Scott, a budget preparation requires a study and evaluation of previously made budgets to understand the trend and the constants that are independent of time. Generally, the average of the first seven years is considered because it gives a true representation of the previous budgets. It is important to note that there are years of economic depres sion and inflation in a budget. It should be prepared on time and the prior year’s actual financial activity should form the basis of your start. The revenue sources are analyzed and conservative amounts are given, no overestimates are included in a budget forecast. A combination of recurrent and fixed/investment of year’s expenditure is added to find the general expenditure of the current year and a liberal approach is applied to indicate expenditure; in expenses, it is better to overestimate than to underestimate.

Computers That Simulate And Reflect Human Behaviors Essay - 1

Computers That Simulate And Reflect Human Behaviors - Essay Example The development of relational artifacts has highly facilitated the manipulation of users into believing that computers have emotions and empathy thereby evoking feelings and intimate relationships within beings. The article, in conclusion, asserts that the resulting meaning of liveliness and authenticity attached to these computers are erroneous since robots are simply based on programmed codes. According to Turkle (2007), the modern generation of computer continues to distort the traditional meaning of human-computer relationship with regards to authenticity and liveliness. However, the key question should query the basis of the meanings being debated upon. To me, human perception of authenticity and liveliness with regards to relational artifacts has majorly been underlined by the nature of the feedback as interpreted by the observer but not on the inherent properties of the sources. Therefore, despite the wrongful contextualization of computer and human being relationship, users are rightfully guided by their behavioral desires and the subsequent feedback suitably marched by these  computers.

The war between Georgia and Ossetia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The war between Georgia and Ossetia - Essay Example The key issue of the conflict is the history of the two nations. It is important to determine who the original settlers in the region are. Georgia believes that they are the initial settlers of the place given that Ossetia settlement began two to three centuries before the war. The Ossetia nationals however believe they are a descendant of the Alans, a tribe that occupied the Caucasus in ancient times. In 1918, Georgia declared its independence and signed a friendly treaty with Russia in 1920 where it recognized South Ossetia as its integral part (Sammut and Cvetkovski 7). In 1918 Georgia left Russia and South Ossetia declared independence as a Soviet republic on 8th June 1920. Conflict arose after the separation with each nation justifying its move. The people believed that the issue would rise again, but the central question was how and when (Sammut and Cvetkovski 8). The causes of the war are complex and multifaceted. The Caucus has faced territorial struggles since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the 20004 election of the Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili tension in the region has been high. Mikhaels’s national policies were to further democratic reforms in Georgia and also pushed for the accession of Georgia to NATO. He tightened border controls and hence increased pressure on South Ossetia and what was called the Rose Revolution. He dismantled a smuggling operation organized by Russia and which included corrupt Georgia officials. He further gave military, police and intelligence personnel in South Ossetia arguing it was aimed at enhancing peacekeeping. Russia also sent its paramilitary to South Ossetia and also assisted those form Abkhazia and Transintria to gain access to South Ossetia. Clashes between the paramilitaries by late 2004 led to Russia and Georgia withdrawing most of their paramilitary forces. The internat ional community intervened and helped

Short Essay - Drugs Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short - Drugs - Essay Example It has been suggested, and in some cases demonstrated, that legalizing or at least decriminalizing less harmful drugs, such as marijuana, can help to reduce the violence, significantly decrease the numbers of people incarcerated for drug use, allow more individuals to remain a contributing member of society and free up funds and manpower to combat against more harmful substances. Although marijuana was included as a restricted substance as early as 1937, there has never been sufficient evidence to support claims that the drug causes widespread violence and destruction all by itself. â€Å"There never was any scholarly evidence that the [anti-drug] laws were necessary, or even beneficial, to public health and safety and none was presented when the laws were passed.† (Schaffer). With the number of Vietnam vets returning from war addicted to narcotics, President Nixon officially declared the opening of the War on Drugs in 1971, primarily directed against heroin addiction. The positive effects that were seen coming out of this early stage in the anti-drug movement has been attributed to the fact that a larger proportion of the funding available for this struggle was directed toward treatment, rather than law enforcement. (Thirty Years, 2006). Throughout these early years, marijuana was seen as a low-level drug until a group of mothers, concerned at findin g marijuana at a 13-year-old’s party, founded the Families in Action anti-drug group in 1976. The movement gained strength and direction under President Reagan in 1981 after the drug cartels in Colombia had violently made their presence known in Miami. While Nancy Reagan’s â€Å"Just Say No to Drugs† campaign included marijuana as one of the drugs to avoid, the focus of the war on drugs remained targeted on cocaine as the cartels gained increasing power and organization. The focus was finally turned to marijuana smugglers

The Role of Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role of Corporations - Essay Example The main aim of an organization can be anything ranging from profit to gaining market share, but the way it achieves this goal matters a lot. There are certain responsibilities and obligations that the organization has towards various groups and situations. It may be impossible to discuss every ethical obligation to a corporation because there are so many. These range from production of bad goods like tobacco to treating the employees fairly. Mark Pastin in his book, 'The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge', has attempted to summarize this by providing four principles for that are necessary in order for an organization to be ethical. The organization must interact with all stakeholders without problems, so that these groups feel that they are a part of the organization. Secondly, the organization must be very critical about fairness. This implies to everyone involved in or with the organization. It must be fair to its employees, competitors, shareholders, clients etc. Everyone in this organization must be responsible for his own actions. Lastly, the organization must operate in a way which will ensure that its environment does not suffer. (Carter McNamara, 1997) Doug Wallace also gave six characteristics that are necessary for an organization in order for it to be ethical in its practices. His characteristics have a lot to do with integrity. Firstly, everyone in the organization must realize the importance of integrity and apply it in its practice. The top management must be responsible for creating this vision of integrity. Thirdly, this vision of integrity must be applied in the way every member of the organization is rewarded. Every policy and practice must be associated with integrity. Every management decision must also be made after considering the ethical dimension. Lastly, the stakeholders in the organization might have conflict of interest and an ethical organization must find a way to solve these conflicts with integrity. (Carter McNamara, 1997) The Need for Appropriate Actions Following a code of ethic will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. According to the National Association of Social Workers, the purpose of code of ethics is to categorize the values of what their work is based on, it also uses its ethical standards to guide how the business should be carried out, it also guides those that are new to the profession, and lastly, it tells the public who to hold accountable. (NASW, 2008) Ethical management practice does not mean that the corporation will profit financially, because more than that, it will benefit in terms of honesty and fair dealing. Ethical management practice also increases productivity. The employees of a company are a very important part. When they start to believe that they are being treated fairly, they will be positively affected and hence, they will be motivated to increase productivity. It also positively affects how the suppliers, consumers, government and various other outside groups see the company. (Answers.com, 2008) The Optimal Ethical, Decision-Making Processes In order to

Clean Air Act and the Components and Prevention of Air Pollution Essay

Clean Air Act and the Components and Prevention of Air Pollution - Essay Example The aim of the Act is to provide clean air that is safe to breathe for all the residents of America. Protection of the public health is the main goal of the Act although the law also looks out to protect the environment from the pollution caused by air. The Environmental Protection Agency of the United States sets the national standard of air quality. The quality will protect the residents from the common pollutants like ozone, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. It is the duty of the state governments to chalk out plans that will meet the standards within a particular period of time. The other major sources of pollution include automobiles, trucks and power plants. The EPA sets the national standards of pollution for these sources as well. In 1970, the provisions of the Clean Air Act were passed by the congress. In 1977 and 1990, the law was amended to extend the deadlines. The basic motto of the Act has remained intact while development of new strategies for air preventing air pol lution is on progress. The act tested tremendous success. It has provided the society will cleaner air along with improvement in public health. There is 98 percent drop in the emissions of toxic lead and 35 percent drop in the emissions of sulphur dioxide. There is increase in driving by 127 percent but even then the carbon monoxide emissions have dropped by 32 percent. Even now the health of millions of Americans is at risk as many parts of the country are still involved in violating the law. (Clean Air Trust). The first two decades after the implementation of the Act resulted in

My personal response Essay Example for Free

My personal response Essay Personally I dont like Holmes as he comes off to me as an arrogant, self-absorbed person. When Roylott storms in and compares him to the police Holmes says Fancy his having the insolence to confound me with the official detective force Here he is saying that he is so much better than the police force and that he is stupid for comparing him to it. He is also very calm and not easily surprised as shown again when Roylott storms in, Sherlock answers him When you go out close the door, for there is a decided draught. He completely ignores the fact that Roylott is very angry,  Then there is Dr Roylott who is described as indulging in ferocious quarrels. , having a Violence of temper approaching to mania , being the Terror of the village and Absolutely uncontrollable in his anger Helen told Holmes of how he threw the local blacksmith into a stream, Roylott was portrayed as a very dangerous man. Conan Doyle wrote him well by building up a hate towards him that by the end when he died we have no sympathy for him just like Holmes. Lastly there is Helen Stoner who is petrified of Roylott and what she thought was impending death. When she arrives at Holmes residence she was shaking and when Holmes asked whether she was cold she replied It is not cold which makes me shiver, It is fear, Mr. Holmes. It is terror. She is very open with Holmes as I think she is really confused and just wants to know what happened to her sister as when Holmes says that he has a theory Helen gets very angry because he wont tell her. Sherlock Holmes is very good at maintaining interest and creating suspence mainly because he is very good with the language he chooses. Firstly Conan Doyle loves to use personification, stuff like It was a wild night, or gathering darkness this works as it adds a more personal feeling by writing actions or feelings which happens to us and linking them with objects.  He also uses mysteriousness about objects, animals or people just to get us hooked and we want to know more about it and it makes many questions in our heads which we want answered and we try to guess only to be surprised by the final twists and turns in the plot. When Conan Doyle sets the scene he uses many feelings and adjectives describing the place.  A moment later we were out on the dark road, a chill wind blowing in our faces, and one yellow light twinkling in front of us through the gloom to guide us on our sombre errand.  There was little difficulty in entering the grounds, for unrepaired breaches gaped in the old park wall.  This creates strong images in our head by using words like gaped and sombre with each individual word adds a little piece of the picture. Conan Doyle also adds strength to the picture by using strong versions of words like boomed and wild instead of weak words like called or rough.  My personal response to the book is that I didnt really enjoy the plot of the story but the way that Conan Doyle writes is amazing and it is blatant why he is so highly valued as a writer. I also enjoyed the way he described the settings and characters and used red herrings to have a big surprise twist at the end which was very thrilling reading.

We Have No Class (Middle Class) Essay Example for Free

We Have No Class (Middle Class) Essay In Paul Krugman’s Confronting Inequality, we are told, as citizens of the United States, the damages of high and rising inequality within our country. Krugman describes America as a place of unclear economic progress for the middle class while the share of economic growth in the past 3 decades has gone to the wealthy 1%. Krugman next describes the impact such inequality has on our society and republic. First starting with social inequality, he states â€Å"The fact is the vast income inequality inevitably brings vast social inequality inevitably brings vast social inequality in its train† (589). What Krugman is trying to convey is that as the gap between classes grows, it brings with it greater and greater inequality. Within this social system, the author tells us of how desirable school districts are decreasing in number and are becoming much more expensive to live in, making it so that children with low-income parents get a â€Å"bad start† in their education. Krugman also states that corrupt politics are a direct result of the difference between the 1% and rest of the country. Using that point as fuel he argues for the removal of tax cuts for the wealthy. Krugman shows us that the Urban-Brookings Joint Tax Policy Center estimated that if Bush tax breaks expired in 2010 for those who have an income of over $200,000 then the money gained from taxes could fund a universal healthcare system for the entire nation. Krugman’s main solution was to generally close obvious loopholes within the American system. The next problem, Market Inequality, is also brought to inquisition. Krugman says that a raise in minimum wage as well as a steady union movement would assist the wage inequality. Finally, Krugman discusses how accessible these changes are and how rapidly they can happen. He feels as though the changes can be easily reached, but not likely. Richard Wilkinson, a social researcher, discussed in his 2011 â€Å"TED talk† the correlation seen between social issues and the distance in between economic classes. A logical connection can be made to Krugman’s paper on the same topic; however beyond the obvious similarity of a s imilar topic, they seem to agree that America is in sore shape. With Wilkinson’s emphasis on a lack of social mobility he asks if the most important thing for a child is their father’s income. â€Å"Do rich fathers have rich sons and poor fathers have poor sons, or is there no relationship between the two?

Shadows In Architecture

Shadows In Architecture As we all know that light is essential for various activities and shadows are intrinsically connected with light. Light is inseparable from the notion of form and space and so is shadow from light. Throughout the world architects have strived to marvel the use of natural light, but seldom do they consider the shadowed areas caused due to that light. The ambience of a space is affected by the quality of light and shadows. Treatment of light and shadows has been a typical feature of traditional Japanese architecture which understands and lays importance to the design of areas in shade from a source of light. Ar Juhani Pallasmaa on shadows: The imagination and daydreaming are stimulated by dim light and shadow. In order to think clearly, the sharpness of vision has to be suppressed, for thoughts travel with an absent-minded and unfocussed gaze. Homogeneous bright light paralyses the imagination in the same way that homogenisation of space weakens the experience of being, and wipes away the sense of place. (Pallasmaa, 2005). Architect Peter Zumthor listed the following as one his favourite ideas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to plan the building as a pure mass of shadow then, afterwards, to put in light as if you were hollowing out the darkness, as if the light were a new mass seeping in. (Zumthor, 2006). The area of study of this dissertation will be based on the idea that if the lighted parts of an object are too light, the form of it is difficult to perceive, and if the parts in shadow are too dark no form will be seen. When light falls on a relief perpendicular to its surface, there will be a minimum of shadows. The intricacies will hardly be visible. Similarly perception of texture also depends on minute differences in relief. The dynamic nature of the shadows cast by sunlight gives an immense potential to effectively design and create shades and shadows. Ordinary day-to-day phenomenon like openings along a long corridor create patches of light and shadow and breaks the monotony of the long walk. Elements of buildings such as sunshades, jaalis, screens, louvres, etc cast shadows which have shapes. The phenomenology of shadows is an important aspect of spaces. Hence, it is more than evident that light and shadows are an essential part of a space.If the architect has an understanding of the relationship of the object with its shadow, he will be better able to control it to compose the shadows and hence the feel of the space. Research Question: How do shadows affect spatial design? Need Identification Every experience of architecture is multi-sensory; qualities of space are measured by the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue simultaneously. A development towards the dominance of the sense of vision has been observed and analyzed by a number of philosophers in recent years. Vision, as we all know, is a consequence of light. Hence, in a very direct way, light is essential for perception of architecture. This study will focus on a rather unspoken, yet ever-present, product of light, i.e. shadows. Elements of architecture undergo innumerable transformations during the course of the day and from season to season. In 1849 John Rushkin stated that among the first habits that a young architect should learn, is that of thinking in shadowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Rushkin, 1880). The shadow gives shape and life to the object in light. Casting of shadow reveals the relationships between objects. Just as Chiaroscuro in paintings and sculptures creates vitality, the play of light and shadow brings life to buildings. (Sullivan, 1947). Objectives To study, in brief, the role of shadows in spatial design throughout the history of architecture in a chronological way. To study the role of shadows in the design of contemporary spaces, taking up examples and case-studies To study how people react to the above mentioned cases. (designers intent vs. achieved). Lastly, attempt to formulate/arrive at generalities to assist the incorporation of shadow-design in the basic design of spaces and buildings Scope The study will analyze the role of self-shadows and cast-shadows (formed under natural light) in spatial design. Understand and analyze the effects of the two different types of shadows (with a visual boundary and without a visual boundary) Study changes in the use of light and shadow throughout the history of architecture. The study will include: Visual perception of the spaces Basic understanding of tones, intensity etc The study will NOT include: Climato-logical impact of the natural light Technical aspects of light, including definitions and quantifiable items like Lux, Lumens, Illuminance, etc. Limitations Shade/shadow is seen as absence or relative deficiency of light. Hence, a direct quantification is not possible. The study has been limited to use of natural light in buildings to streamline the topic of study due to time and text limitations. Secondary case-studies will rely on the imagery and data available in the media and/or books. Direct interview of people using the mentioned spaces (outstation or otherwise) is not possible hence the study will rely on the literature available. Methodology Literature Survey Case-study Primary Prominent examples of such spaces in or around Delhi which have successfully incorporated shadow as an element in the design Secondary Prominent examples of such spaces which have successfully incorporated shadow as an element in the design, with sufficient data available for analysis. Analysis Analysis of the data collected after the Literature Survey and Case-studies. Formulation of ideas Arrive at generalities after a detailed analysis of the collected data to assist the designing of shadows for spaces and buildings. This will help in sensitizing the reader to consider shadows as an important element in spatial design, and hence a whole new approach to designing. The formulations will tentatively be with respect to: scale; forms blocks and massing; geometry; material colour and texture; pertaining to particular elements of buildings (like sunshades, louvers, screens etc) Definitions: (http://oxforddictionaries.com/) shadow: (noun) a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface. shade: (noun) comparative darkness caused by shelter from direct sunlight. darkness: (noun) the partial or total absence of light. chiaroscuro: ( http://www.britannica.com) the interplay of light and shadow on or as if on a surface ( from Italian: chiaro, light; scuro, dark) technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they define three-dimensional objects. phenomenology: It is a philosophical design current in contemporary architecture and a specific field of academic research, based on the experience of building materials and their sensory properties. Works Cited Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The eyes of the skin : architecture and the senses. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Plummer, H. (2009). The Architecture of Natural Light. London: Thames Hudson Ltd. Rasmussen, S. E. (1962). Experiencing Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Rushkin, J. (1880). The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Drover Publications, Inc. Sullivan, L. (1947). Ornament in Architecture, Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings. New York: Witten Art Books. Tanizaki, J. (1977). In praise of shadows. New Haven, Conn.: Leetes Island Books. Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres : architectural environments, surrounding objects. Basel, Boston: Birkhà ¤user. Bibliography Murray, D. (1990). Architecture and shadow. New York: Rizzoli. Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The eyes of the skin : architecture and the senses. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Plummer, H. (2009). The Architecture of Natural Light. London: Thames Hudson Ltd. Rasmussen, S. E. (1962). Experiencing Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Rushkin, J. (1880). The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Drover Publications, Inc. Sullivan, L. (1947). Ornament in Architecture, Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings. New York: Witten Art Books. Tanizaki, J. (1977). In praise of shadows. New Haven, Conn.: Leetes Island Books. Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres : architectural environments, surrounding objects. Basel, Boston: Birkhà ¤user. Chapter Outline: Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction Light and Shadow: The inseparable Shadows and spatial design Research Question Need Identification Scope Limitations Methodology References Chapter 2: Architecture Precedents Shadows in Architecture through time Works of contemporary architects Chapter 3: Understanding shadows 3.1 Shadows Self-shadows and cast-shadows Shadows having a visual boundary versus without a visual boundary (shades); obscuring etc Dominance of shadow versus dominance of light Effect of shadows in spatial design Form Elements: Jaalis, relief, pergola etc Materials and texture Dynamism through light and shadow Chapter 4: Case-studies Primary: Spiritual/meditation center India Habitat Center Secondary: Church of Light by Tadao Ando The Pantheon, Rome Chapter 5: Conclusion Analysis and conclusion List of Plates

A Comparison of Illusion in The Cherry Orchard and A Dolls House Essay

Dangers of Illusion in The Cherry Orchard and A Doll's House   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the plays, The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov, A Doll's House, by Henrik Ibsen, and Galileo, by Bertolt Brecht, the protagonists' beliefs are a combination of reality and illusion that shape the plot of the respective stories.   The ability of the characters to reject or accept an illusion, along with the foolish pride that motivated their decision, leads to their personal downfall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Cherry Orchard Gayev and Miss Ranevsky, along with the majority of their family, refuse to believe that their estate is close to bankruptcy.   Instead of accepting the reality of their problem, they continue to live their lives under the illusion that they are doing well financially.   The family continues with its frivolous ways until there is no money left (the final night they have in the house before it is auctioned, they throw an extravagant party, laughing in the face of impending financial ruin.) Even when Lopakhin attempts to rescue the family with ideas that could lead to some of the estate being retained, they dismiss his ideas under the illusion that the situation is not so desperate that they need to compromise any of their dignity. Lopakhin: As you know, your cherry orchards are being sold to pay your debts.   The auction is on the twenty second of August.   But there’s no need to worry, my dear.   You can sleep soundly.   There’s a way out.   Here’s my plan.   Listen carefully, please.   Your estate is only about twelve miles from town, and the railway is not very far away.   Now all you have to do is break up your cherry orchard and the land along the river into building plots and lease them out for country cottages.   You ¹ll then have an income ... ... 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You have a good thesis statement that introduces a complex discussion.   3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your organization of the paper is also well developed.   However, you seem to begin new paragraphs too frequently. For example, in your discussion of A Doll’s House, you used several paragraphs to discuss the faults of Nora and her husband and then another paragraph for her growth.   All of the paragraphs discussing their faults could be condensed into one paragraph. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When citing a quote, you do not need to actually write the word â€Å"page† it is understood that the numbers are page numbers. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also when quoting, the punctuation of the last sentence should come after the parentheses of the citation and not before. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be careful with verb tenses.   If you begin your sentence using the past tense the rest of your sentence should remain in the past tense.

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer Programming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming a computer is almost as easy as using one and does not require you to be a math genius. People who are good at solving story problems make good programmers, and others say that artistic or musical talent is a sign of potential programmer. Various computer languages are described, and tips on choosing the right language and learning how to use it are provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning how to program is actually easier than many people think. Learning to program takes about the same time as two semesters of a college course. The process of learning to program is uniquely reinforcing, because students receive immediate feedback on their screens. The programming languages Basic, Pascal, C, and Database are discussed; tips on learning the languages are offered; and a list of publishers' addresses is provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way of programming is rapid application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   development (RAD) has tremendous powers, but it is not without its limits. The two basic advantages RAD tools promise over traditional programming are shorter, more flexible development cycle and the fact that applications can be developed by a reasonably sophisticated end user. The main disadvantage is that RAD tools often require code to be written, which will result in most developers probably having to learn to program using the underlying programming language, except in the case of the simplest applications. The time gained from using a RAD tool can be immense, however: Programmers using IBM's VisualAge report the ability to create up to 80 percent of an application visually, with the last 20 percent consisting of specialized functions, which means by using and IBM program it is much easier because most of the program is graphics which is just point and click to do, and the rest is code, which really isn't much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone who is willing to invest a little time and effort can now write computer programs and customize commercial applications, thanks to new software tools. People can create their own application with such programming languages as Microsoft's Visual Basic for Windows (which is about $130) or Novell's AppWare, part of its PerfectOffice suite. These products enable users to do much of their programming through point-and-click choices without memorizing many complicated commands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming can also be very difficult. At least one programming mistake is always made and debugging it can be very hard. Just finding where the problem is can take a long time alone, then if you fix that problem, another could occur. There was a programming involving a cancer-therapy machine, has led to loss of life, and the potential for disaster will increase as huge new software programs designed to control aircraft and the national air-traffic

Essay --

From my previous journal I stated that I was very interested in finishing the rest of the books in the Odyssey. Well I have finished all of them and got some of my questions answered in class and I got some question that I did not know I did not understand answered too. In book 4 I left off with wondering why Athena protects Telemachus when she’s still upset with. When finishing up the rest of the Odyssey there are many things that are many happening. You have everything from; â€Å"all of the gods are accepting that Poseidon has gathered again on Mount Olympus to discuss Odysseus’s fate† in book 5. To â€Å"Athena makes the Ithacans forget the massacre of their children and recognize Odysseus as king, and making Peace being restored† in book 24. How one man goes through all of this is amazing to me. The Odyssey is nothing more than Odysseus telling us his story and all the things that he had gone through. Odysseus encounters many things that people do not believe to be true because all of his crew is dead and no one had ever don’t anything like he is saying that he has. Because his crew is dead there is no one to help tell all of the great adventures that they endeared. The main question I feel that never truly gets answered in the reading is that of wither or not the stories are true. Does it really take someone who loves his family 20 years to make it home? To return to his wife and son? And are the wife and son still there waiting for him to return. We know in the reading that they are but how does he know this? Is it because that’s how it was back then or why? Why did it take him the seven years for him to build a boat to leave the island of Cyclopes and start to make is way back home. When he finally manages to get the boat made to ... ... I keep saying this but I really don’t know wither or not I can take this story ad being true I things some of the things could have happened but not all of them. I’m not sure why I find it so hard to believe but I do. While reflecting on this reading I have really stopped to think about what I am reading and if I believe it to be true or not. Could the Odyssey be written different so that it’s more understandable? Or should we already be able to understand the text? I feel that the book could take a whole semester to cover it we were to truly take the time to truly read it not just read it and go on. I can see myself rereading the books and trying to understand more and looking for things that I have missed the first time though. Works Cited Brian Wilkie, J. H. (2001). Lliterature of the Western World Vol. 1. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. The Odyssey, pages 273-594

Sustainability Through Dendro Powered Electricity Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Long-run GHG and local pollutants decreaseThe undertaking will ensue in coevals of power of 14,000 MWh at an one-year 80 % works capacity use factor utilizing sustainably produced fuelwood. This will displace an tantamount volume of electricity that would otherwise be generated by dodo fuel based thermic power workss and fed into the Sri Lanka national grid. Harmonizing to the long- term coevals program of the CEB, electricity demand is turning at an mean one-year rate of 7 – 8 % . Due to societal, economic and environmental impacts associated with the development, farther development of large-scale hydro resources is going progressively hard. The CEB forecasts thermic power coevals capacity to increase its 2005 degree of 1266 MW to a mark degree of 4,230 MW in 2019. The bing thermic workss include gas turbines fuel oil fired reciprocating engines, and combined rhythm workss. The enlargement works prognosis includes gas turbines, combined rhythm workss, Diesel workss, furnace oil workss, and coal workss. Economic, societal, environmental and technological benefits Economic benefits The entree of electrification is tremendous difference in regional in the state. In the western state where about 90 per centum of family have entree to electricity while North cardinal state have entree to electricity about 65 per centum. In the Sabaragamuwa, Uwa, North Western and East between 40 to 50 per centum of families without entree to electricity. The entire figure of electrification of small town strategies was increased from 2115 to 14690 since 1980 and 1998. By 2015, the Government plans to provide electrification to about 100 per centum of the state ‘s small towns. Some 600 rural electrification strategies, covering eight states will supply electricity supply to about 112,500 extra families and other consumers, Some 600km of 33 kilovolts distribution lines will be supplied to beef up CEB ‘s bing webs in rural countries to cut down overloading and losingss on those lines. A scope of alternate energy beginnings ( solar, air current, mini-hydro and biomass ) wi ll besides be developed through community-based organisations and the private sector to spread out rural electricity entree, peculiarly in the more distant, dry zone parts. Where capital costs for rural electrification are prohibitory, crystalline subsidies will be provided, to spread out entree. Merely the agribusiness entirely would non be equal to increase incomes in the rural countries. There is discoursing facts that these rural households that gain the extreme portion of their income from off-farm income are cagey to work their manner out of poorness faster. Access of electricity is besides of import to any off farm activity. Electric illuming besides makes a important part to the quality and success of rural instruction. Economic benefits of the undertaking are discussed farther below. ( a ) Adequate electricity supply- In order for the national economic system to turn, adequate and dependable supply of electricity should be available at low-cost monetary values. Despite puting big amounts of borrowed money on the electricity sector for the past many old ages, our state is unable to run into the turning demand for electricity. Furthermore, our electricity monetary values are one of the highest in the part. These defects could be remedied if we could acquire our private sector to put on moderate graduated table decentralized power workss with autochthonal fuel supply. The survey carried out by the Ministry of Science and Technology with EU support reveals that over 4000 MW of biomass based electrical power could be generated by change overing the debauched fringy land available in the state. The proposed 2 MW works would turn out the commercial viability of this construct. ( B ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertilizer- Nitrogenous chemical fertiliser such as urea had been extensively used in the agricultural sectors in Sri Lanka. The current one-year use is in the part of 0.4 million metric tons. The entire national demands of urea are imported at a cost of around US $ 50 million per twelvemonth. In the recent yesteryear, the monetary value of imported carbamide had been lifting steeply. In order to prolong the husbandman community and to guarantee equal supply of our basic nutrient, the authorities had been supplying some grade of subsidy for urea. At nowadays this has reached about a 3rd of the existent cost. Even with this heavy subsidy, paddy husbandmans are unable to do a populating out of rice cultivation. On the other manus, giver bureaus such as the World Bank/ IMF etc. have been exerting force per unit area through WTO on the authorities to minimise all signifiers of subsidies and let the market forces to find the optimal allotment of resources. As explained in Chapter 3, from a Gliricidia energy plantation, the mean output of wood per hectare per twelvemonth is 30 metric tons ( at 20 % wet ) and the corresponding output of fresh leaf is 26 metric tons. Systematic surveies carried out by the Coconut Research Institute had revealed that the application of 50 kilograms of fresh Gliricidia leaf for a coconut thenar provides the equivalent of N from 800 gms of urea [ †¦ .. ] . Furthermore the application of leaf improves the wellness of dirt by increasing the organic content in dirt. The aim of this undertaking is to show the commercialization of the construct of sustainable fuelwood production from Gliricidia energy plantations and the operation of an associated biomass power coevals installation. This 2 MW installation would necessitate the equivalent of 800 hour angle of Gliricidia plantations. Harmonizing to the survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Land Use Policy Planning Division of the Ministry of Lands, the entire extent of debauched fringy land in the state is around 1.6 million hectares. This means that the entire potency of Gliricidia leaf production in the state is 1.6 ten 26 = 41.6 million metric tons yearly. This is tantamount to 0.67 million metric tons of carbamide. The states entire one-year use of carbamide is merely 0.4 million metric tons. The cautionary value of this is USD 96 million. This clearly shows the economic benefit of Gliricidia energy plantation to the agricultural sector. [ †¦ ] ( degree Celsius ) Increasing the capacity of national milk production- About 60 % of our national one-year demands of milk amounting to 500 million liters are imported at a cost of USD 125 million. One ground for our failure to bring forth our demand of milk is the deficiency of nitrogen-bearing fresh fish for our cowss. Though we have equal measures of carbonaceous fresh fish in the signifier of rice straw, nitrogen-bearing fresh fish is in short supply. Gliricidia leaf is an first-class nitrogen-bearing fresh fish. A 1-hectare plantation of Gliricidia would give 30 metric tons of wood and 26 metric tons of fresh leaf per twelvemonth. Along with 26 metric tons of rice straw, this measure of leaf is sufficient to feed 6 cattles. The one-year income from the sale of milk from 5 cattles would amount to USD 1,654 per twelvemonth. This construct of incorporating Gliricidia Energy Plantation with the rapid enlargement of dairy industry in Sri Lanka may non be realized in the short term. Equally far as this undertaking is concerned, it is expected that the pr esent cattle population of 84 cowss would be expanded to 500 within the undertaking boundary. Possibly this would move as a accelerator for other countries to follow suit. In the average clip excess leaf produced would be used as organic fertiliser. The 1.6 million hectares of debauched fringy land in our state could be used to bring forth the state ‘s full demands of milk. Droppings from the cattles could be used as organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser replacing urea as described in subdivision ( B ) above. It should be noted that the usage of leaf as fresh fish and the droppings as nitrogen-bearing fertiliser brings more benefits than straight utilizing the leaf as green organic fertiliser. Nitrogen in cow droppings is easy absorbed by workss therefore cut downing leaching and evaporative losingss. ( vitamin D ) Auxiliary harvests in the entree manner in energy plantations- As described in Chapter 3, an entree manner with a 4-meter breadth will be provided at 11-meter intervals in the energy plantations. This spread is provided to supply entree for tractors to roll up and transport the fuelwood harvested in the 11-meter broad strips of trees in the energy plantations. These spreads are used as entree manner merely one time in 6 to 8 months. These spreads besides function as limit of blocks to ease systematic harvest home. A major disadvantage of supplying this spread is it encourages the growing of weeds, peculiarly Guina A and B ( Panicum upper limit ) and Illuk ( Imperate cylindrica ) . One manner of minimising the growing of weeds and optimizing the land infinite in energy plantations is to turn short-run hard currency harvests in these spreads during the two short rainy seasons ( April to June and October to January ) . Crops such as corn, sorghum, benne, black-eyed pea, mung bean, black gm etc. are suited for short-run harvests. Gross from these hard currency harvests would better the economic viability and heighten the sustainability of the plantations. Leaf of Gliricidia subdivisions harvested could be used as organic fertiliser for the hard currency harvest. Gliricidia leaf has the undermentioned alimentary contents: 3 to 4.5 % N, 0.2 to 0.3 % P, 1.5 to 3.5 % K, 1 to 1.4 % Ca and 0.4 to 0.6 % Mg. Furthermore the debut leaf to the dirt increases the organic content and improves the dirt. ( vitamin E ) Conservation of foreign exchange- Ever since the state adopted an â€Å" unfastened economic † policy in 1977, the para value of Sri Lankan Rupee has been deprecating in an exponential mode. Figure 15 illustrates this characteristic.Start of Open EconomyFigure 15: Depreciation of SLR with regard to USD since the ‘open economic system ‘ [ †¦ ] The primary ground for this depreciation is that the demand for foreign currency is much higher than the supply of foreign currency. There are two ways of deciding this crisis. One is to increase the supply of foreign currency. That is by increasing exports and spread outing the services, which bring foreign exchange to the state ( such as touristry, foreign employment etc ) . The 2nd manner is to cut down imports. Unfortunately, since 1977, we have been following merely the first method. This has non resolved the crisis. Therefore, we need to follow the 2nd way every bit good. That is we should cut down foreign currency outgo. In other words, if we should try to bring forth locally whatever goods or services which can be produced locally at competitory cost instead than importing such merchandises at a higher cost. Electricity produced by IPPs is a authoritative illustration. For the twelvemonth 2004, the mean monetary value paid for imported fuel based electricity produced by IPPs was SLR 9.20 ( USD 0.0902 ) per kWh, whereas the monetary value paid for local resource based electricity for the same twelvemonth was merely SLR 5.49 ( USD 0.0538 ) per kWh. If the same mean monetary value is paid for both, the state could bring forth all the electricity demands from local resources. The entire foreign exchange demands to run into the expected thermal based electricity from imported dodo fuel, including the foreign capital, fuel, runing and foreign transmittal costs for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2015 ( based on US Cts 8/kWh ) are given in Table 04 below. It is of import to observe that by the twelvemonth 2015, the expected foreign exchange demands needed exceed the expected foreign exchange net incomes from traditional harvests – tea, gum elastic and coconut ( USD 1000 million ) . With such big demand for foreign exchange, and with the expected diminution in foreign exchange income from the local garment industry when the Multi-fibre Agreement comes into consequence in the twelvemonth 2005, the state of affairs would be wholly unwieldy. If we develop local biomass resources, these demands could be reduced to manageable degrees. Sri Lanka is wholly null of any proved militias of fossil fuels. All demands of crude oil fuels are imported from the Middle Eastern states. If we decide to import coal, so we would import it from Australia. Depending on imported fuels to run into most of our energy would put the state in a serious insecure place. Development of autochthonal resources would put the state in a unafraid place. 5.2.2 Social benefits The undertaking has a big constituent for community engagement throughout-grower system. Fuelwood harvested from sustainable energy plantations will be used as fuel for the power works. Fuel wood plantations will be managed both as a big graduated table plantations every bit good as small-scale husbandman out-grower system. The out-grower system will cut down the poorness degree in the part, so that the undertaking has societal benefits. A farmer household can gain sum SLR 25,000 per twelvemonth from a hectare of land from cultivating Gliricidia for fuel wood. If this wood could be cut into 50 to 100 millimeter pieces, so the income would increase to Rs. 45,000 per hectare, as the current sale monetary value of cut wood ready for gasification or direct eating to boilers is Rs. 1.50 per kilogram at the farm gate and Rs. 2.75 per kilogram at the energy transition Centres. The undertaking is be aftering to present an incorporate attack for fuel wood plantation, which include cowss farming utilizing leaf fresh fish, organic fertiliser utilizing waste, and outflowing fertiliser or biogas, and organic agribusiness merchandises. Farmers can gain around SLR 45,000 from selling 30 dozenss of fuel wood, SLR 7,350 from selling 32 dozenss of droppings as organic fertiliser and SLR 168,750 from selling 6750 liters of milk. Around 2000 households are expected to take part in the out-grower strategy so that their income will increase the undertaking besides provides regular day-to-day emplacement for around 50 people throughout the twelvemonth in the fuel wood aggregation and transit activities. in the fuelwood aggregation and transit activities. In add-on to this, during the building phase, a big figure of skilled and unskilled workers will be hired from the local countries. Over 50 % of the employees are likely to be hired from the nearby communities. Additional roads will be built by the company to entree the human dynamo and the plantations. These roads are available for usage by the local people and in some instances will supply motorable entree to their places where there were merely footpaths earlier. The undertaking is expected to supply the undermentioned societal benefits. ( a ) Supplying employment for rural hapless – The Government of Sri Lanka yearly spends SLR 8,500 1000000s ( USD 83 million ) on poorness relief on the about 25 % of the entire population. Over halve of the entire population in the state are populating in the rural countries. Most of them are engaged in agricultural activity. Despite the huge sum of money spent in many agricultural development undertakings such as the Mahaweli Project, the farming community in the state is populating at subsistence degree. Most of the husbandmans are engaged in paddy cultivation. This provides merely intermittent employment chance, numbering 5 to 6 months in a twelvemonth. During the balance 6 to 7 months, these workers look for alternate employment. Many of them are tempted to acquire involved in illegal activities. The proposed method of sporadically reaping mature subdivisions and utilizing the wood as fuel for electricity coevals and the leaf as fresh fish and organic fertiliser would ( a ) provide employment chance during the slack periods and ( B ) increases the one-year income well for the husbandmans in the dry zones. The constitution of plantations and periodical harvest home provides around 30,000 man-days of work yearly for each MW of power works, averaging 76 man-days per hectare. Assuming a household is entrusted with 1 hour angle of plantation and provided with 6 cattles, the one-year income for this household is as follows: Income from wood ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 45,000 ( USD 441 ) Income from milk ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 168,750 ( USD 1,654 ) Income from droppings ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 7350 ( USD 72 ) Entire SLR.221,100 ( USD2,168 ) A household is expected to give merely 76 man-days of work per twelvemonth on these activities. Rest of the clip could be devoted to traditional rice cultivation. ( B ) Nutrition for children- It has been found that most of the rural kids are enduring of malnutrition. The production of milk in each family would ensue in deciding this crisis. The undertaking is expected to better the quality of the rural hapless through increased income, which will further ease the obliteration of child malnutrition. ( degree Celsius ) Electrification of villages- The Government of Sri Lanka has revealed that merely 80 % of the families in the state would be connected to the national electricity grid. The balance 20 % of the population amounting to over 1 million is to be provided with off-grid system. The World Bank funded Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development ( RERED ) plan is expected to cover approximately 5 % of this 1 million families. The proposal to set up biomass based power coevals undertakings in rural countries would widen the national electricity grid to countries, which would non hold otherwise been reached. Besides the debut of this engineering would excite the constitution of biomass based off-grid systems to supply electricity to rural communities. ( vitamin D ) Cleaner fuel for rural household- The debut of 6 cattles per family would promote the use of biogas systems to these families. Biogas therefore produced could be used for cookery or for electricity coevals in stray single families. The usage of biogas for cooking would ensue in the wellness of the household vastly as it would extinguish fume from traditional wood ranges. 5.2.3 Environmental benefits There are no issues related to pollution as a consequence of this undertaking. Fuelwood plantations will be established in under-utilised lands. This in fact will be a solution for the land debasement job of the state. Fuelwood plantation will back up to keep ecological balance in the part. Most of the debauched lands are in close propinquity to the rice Paddy Fieldss. The paddy Fieldss constitute the low-lying lands the debauched shifting cultivated lands constitute the high-lying lands. Normally, shortly after the harvest home of rice Paddy, the husbandmans cultivate the high-land country by the â€Å" Slash & A ; Burn/ Shifting Cultivation † method. By presenting Gliricidia as an energy plantation harvest, these husbandmans could change over these debauched lands into a sustainable and perennial harvest land. There will be no demand for firing or switching activities. Though non advocated in this undertaking, â€Å" Alley Cropping † system with Giricidia and chash ha rvests like maize has been demonstrated in Sri Lanka. In this system, Gliricidia ( or Leucena ) trees are planted in rows with a spacing of 0.5 metres within the rows and 2 to 3 metres between rows. These lines of trees lie in the East – West way ( along the way of the Sun ) . At the terminal of the monsoon rains in January, the side subdivisions of Gliricidia trees are cut go forthing the chief root integral. In between the lines of Gliricidia trees, short-run hard currency harvest such as maize is planted. In three months the maize would maturate and would be ready for crop. Gliricidia trees are allowed to turn and the subdivisions harvest at the terminal of the following monsoon season in January following twelvemonth. This manner, the husbandmans could acquire a significant income from three beginnings: ( 1 ) Traditional paddy cultivation in the low-lying lands ; ( 2 ) Short-run hard currency harvests: ( 3 ) Perennial Gliricidia brush wood and leaf. Environmental benefits of the undertaking are discussed below: ( a ) Suspension of emanations of GHG and other pollutants – Sri Lanka has ratified the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, we have a moral duty to cut down emanations of GHGs. The ‘Business As Usual ‘ option adopted by contrivers depends to a great extent on coal as the major fuel in run intoing our hereafter electricity demand. Figure 16 illustrates the fuel demands for electricity coevals harmonizing to BAU scenario.CoalOilFigure 16: Fuel demands for electricity coevals: BAU scenario Table 05 gives the CO2 and other pollutant emanations of power coevals under this scenario. This is illustrated in Figure 17. The estimated baseline emanation of particulates, SOX, NOX and CO2 are given in the tabular array 05. This undertaking will displace the tantamount sum of CO2 and SOX about in its entireness and to great extent of NOX and particulates. Figure 17: Tendencies of baseline emanation from electricity coevals As illustrated in Figure17, the emanations of GHG from the power sector will increase bit by bit while the particulate affair emanation will worsen if the baseline scenario continues. Harmonizing to the public-service corporation ( CEB ) , the largest beginning of particulates are IC engines used with furnace oil or residuary oil. With the debut of coal based power workss, the reciprocating workss would be phased out. Coal power workss will be provided with electrostatic precipitators and bag filters etc. to minimise particulate emanation. Hence, CEB expects the particulate emanation degrees to drop over the old ages. The proposed 2MW power works based on sustainable supply of fuelwood from SRC Gliricidia plantations would ensue in zero CO2 emanation, therefore dramatically bettering the emanation degrees. The undertaking besides expects to command other pollutants such as SOX, NOX and particulate affair. The proposed method of electricity coevals is an alternate to the dodo fuel bas ed electricity coevals soon practiced and planned for future enlargement. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal would non merely breathe C dioxide, they besides emit big measures of sulfur dioxide and oxides of N. Sulphur and nitrogen content of woody biomass are undistinguished compared to those present in fossil fuels. All ash produced in the procedure will be returned to the plantation country and will be applied as organic fertiliser. Thus the bottom ash disposal jobs encountered in coal based power coevals would non be encountered in the proposed method. The proposed system eliminates most of the environmental jobs encountered in dodo fuel based power coevals methods. The impact of the proposed 2 MW biomass power works on the national emanation degree would no uncertainty be really undistinguished. But the possible in Sri Lanka for sustainable biomass based electricity coevals is really big. There are over 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land available for sustainable energy plantations. This would be adequate to bring forth 4000 MW of electricity with an one-year end product of 28,000 GWh. Our hydropower potency is around 6000 GWh per twelvemonth. Hence biomass plus hydro we have a potency of 34,000 GWh per twelvemonth. Our present demand for electricity is 8000 GWh/ twelvemonth. Even at 8 % steady growing, we could bring forth all our electricity ( without any fossil fuels ) for many 20 more old ages to come. By that clip there would be many renewable engineerings which are commercially feasible. Furthermore, Gliricidia plantations from the 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land would bring forth 42 million metric tons of leaf. This together with the rice straw soon incinerated in the Paddy Fieldss could be used to bring forth biogas. This could be used as conveyance fuel ( like in Sweden in Switzerland ) . This would extinguish the emanations from the conveyance sector. ( B ) Change by reversaling land degradation- About a 3rd of the land countries of the state amounting to approximately 1.6 to 2.0 million hectares are in a debauched province. These extents of land were productive dry zone forests a few hundred old ages ago. The primary ground for debasement had been unsustainable pattern of cut and burn signifier of switching cultivation adopted by coevalss of subsistence agriculture in these countries. Most of these countries receive an one-year rainfall of about 1250 millimeter. Most of this rainfall is received during the monsoon months of October to December. Agricultural activity could be practiced merely during this monsoon period. Consecutive cut and burn system of agribusiness with unequal fallow period to recover birthrate has resulted in debasement of these lands. Locations of these lands are given in Figure 18 below. Figure 18: Locations of debauched fringy land As the pattern of cut and burn signifier of agribusiness is still go oning in these countries, the extent of these lands is bit by bit increasing. Furthermore, the grade of debasement is besides on the addition due to firing followed by dirt eroding. The procedure of desertification has already started in some of these countries. Unless remedial methods are taken, these lands will stop up as comeuppances. One possible manner of reconstructing the initial position of these lands is to present some tree screen with lasting closed canopy. The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions integral would be a satisfactory method of up-grading this land. As ash from the burning of wood would be returned to the dirt, dirt foods will be sustained. ( degree Celsius ) Renewable energy beginning and C sink – The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions in tact would ensue in prolonging the C balance in the system. In the land readying stage, merely the weedy biomass would be removed. All productive bing tree harvests would be retained till they reach their economic life. ( vitamin D ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser to replace chemical urea fertilizer- As mentioned in subdivision ( B ) , the proposed method besides produces big measures of organic nitrogen-bearing fertilisers, replacing chemical urea fertiliser manufactured from fossil fuels. Apart from extinguishing the tantamount sum of C dioxide emanation, the usage of organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser increases the organic content of the dirt therefore heightening the environmental impact. 5.2.4 Technological benefits The new engineerings expected to be introduced by the undertaking include the followers: ( a ) Biomass production engineering – As mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 â€Å" Modern method of fuelwood production † , bio fuel for the proposed power works will be produced in Short Rotation Coppice plantation utilizing modern methods. This engineering, though introduced to the state late, it has non yet been practised in commercial graduated table operation. The debut of 2000 hectares of SRC plantations utilizing this modern method would transform the full dry zone country into a healthy, sustainable and profitable zone. The undermentioned characteristics of biomass fuel production are described in Annex A Land Preparation Planting Materials Constitution of Plantations Care of Plantations Harvesting, roll uping and transporting of wood ( B ) Biomass energy transition technology- Apart from a few sugar Millss, a freshly introduced presentation unit and a power undertaking under building, there are no commercial graduated table bio fuel based electricity bring forthing installations in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the Sugar industries use merely the waste baggase as fuel utilizing crude inactive grating burning systems. The freshly introduced presentation unit consist of a biomass down bill of exchange gasifier with H2O scrubber/ gas ice chest and a spark-ignition based IC engine-generator with an end product of 35 kilowatt. This is installed in a distant rural are to supply electricity to 100 families. The other works is a 1 MW power works with boiler-steam turbine system. The proposed power works will utilize Circulating Fluidised Bed burning system with high force per unit area and high temperature steam coevals. These factors will well better the steam use efficiency, therefore cut downing the operational cost, peculiarly, if the cost of fuel constitutes a important portion in the concluding cost of electricity. Furthermore, the improved burning system would cut down the emanation degree. Features of electricity coevals are discussed below. The alternator of the system is designed for 3200 kVA with a power factor of 0.8. This power end product would be 2.56 MW. But with parasitic burden, the expected net end product is 2 MW. Fuel treatment- Fuel wood from the plantations would get in dawdlers. These would be weighed and moisture degree determined by portable wet metres. These will be stacked in the storage country in the power station. Fuel wood from the storage pace would be removed on a ‘first-in-first-out ‘ footing. These would be chipped to allow size ( for fluidised burning ) and stored in a hopper. Flue gas from the boiler would be assorted with ambient air and would be used to dry the wood french friess to the coveted wet degree for burning. Combustion system and boiler- The steam generator shall be of natural circulation, balanced draft, and fluidised bed burning ( FBC ) type, designed for firing wood french friess. The capacity of boiler is about 35 TPH on maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The economizer subdivision of the boiler shall be of nonaˆ‘steaming type. Super warmer subdivision shall be designed so as to keep rated steam temperature of about 490oC at mercantile establishment over the control scope of 60 % to 100 % MCR burden. A steam de-superheating station with proviso for spray H2O tapped off from feed H2O discharge shrieking shall be provided. Air pre-heaters of cannular type shall be provided for steam temperature control. The AFBC shall dwell of in-bed / above-bed ace warmer subdivisions, bed evaporator, H2O walls/refractory walls, economiser and air preaˆ‘heater. The boiler shall be equipped with a suited fuel fire system. The complete boiler shall be bottom-supported type and be provided with all back uping steel platform, galleries, staircases for easy attack and care of the units. Adequate conditions protection shall be provided for instruments and runing forces. Necessary liner and insularity along with repairing stuffs to restrict outside surface temperature to a safe degree shall be provided. Monorails and hoists required for managing motors, fans shall be provided. A trim boiler provender pump shall be provided. Turbine- The turbine shall be of Multistage, Nozzle governed, Horizontal spindle, two bearings, Impulse type with hydraulicly operated halt and exigency valve and built-in steam strainer, hydraulicly operated Throttle/ Regulating valves shall be used as the chief power coevals equipment. Turbine steam recess conditions will be maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The exhaust force per unit area shall be about 0.1 saloon ( a ) . Condenser- The capacitor shall be of shell and tubing building, horizontal, divided H2O box with built-in hot good. Cooling tower- The chilling tower shall be of forced-draft type with concrete building and aggregation pool. Alternator- The alternator shall be an AC synchronal generator with 3200kVA, 3.3kV, 50Hz, 3-phase, 4-wire system coupled to the steam turbine through a velocity decrease gearbox complete with following ( a ) Brush less exciter ( B ) Twin bearings ( degree Celsius ) AVR and excitement panel ( vitamin D ) Antiaˆ‘condensation warmers ( vitamin E ) VARs control Auxiliaries- The undermentioned aides shall be provided: ( a ) Auxiliaries for generator protection and control panel ( B ) Generator ledgeman ( degree Celsius ) Battery with care tools ( vitamin D ) Battery courser and DC distribution panel. ( vitamin E ) Standby Generator for ‘Black Start ‘ . Fuel feed system- The fuel provender system shall dwell of a chipper, a drier using energy in boiler fluke gas, a mechanical/ pneumatic conveyance system directed into the burning chamber of the boiler. The fuel shall be stored in the storage country and fed manually in to the splintering machine. Ash remotion disposal- Ash shall be collected at the underside of the ash aggregation system. The disposal shall be done manually by opening the ash disposal door and collected in an ash cavity. Manual disposal is required thenceforth. The ash can be used as a fertiliser for the plantations. Features of fuelwood samples collected in the undertaking country have been analysed. Consequences obtained are as follows: Other impacts of the undertaking Positive impacts This undertaking will be an illustration for an attempt to advance sustainable biomass energy based electricity coevals with community engagement. Experience of this undertaking could be shared at national, regional and planetary degrees. Negative impacts One of the negative impacts of the undertaking would be the force per unit area on demand for land in the hereafter. If this undertaking is successful, many similar undertakings will be established throughout the state. This will negatively act upon other land usage options, such as agribusiness and small town enlargement etc.

Social and Economic Effects of the Global Flow of Silver

China, Spain, and Europe affected the global flow of silver from the sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century, socially and economically. China affected the global flow of silver socially and economically. (Doc. ’s 1,3,5,7) In Document 1, the author believes that a frugal man with only one bar of silver can pay for his wedding and still have something left over, but an extravagant man can have thousands and still not have enough. The author feels this way because of his bias towards limiting wedding expenses as a county official. From this once could infer, that county officials during this time period did not care much for large, extravagant weddings because they thought them to be a waste of valuable silver. An additional document such as a farmer’s journal containing his views on wedding expenses would help one better understand a common person’s views on the issue. In Document 3, the author is writing a report to the Ming emperor about the lowering grain prices and scarcity of silver coins. Low grain production led to tillers of land receiving lower returns on the their labors, and less land being put into cultivation, thereby disrupting the economic flow of silver for labor or goods. This is important because it shows the dependence China’s economy put on silver. Document 5 describes the change in China’s economy. In the past, customers would trade livestock, food, or other goods in exchange for dyed clothes. In 1610, customers receive a bill which must be paid with silver. The author believes that silver has more value than the goods traded in the past, which is described in the author’s essay, â€Å"The Changing Times. The author feels this way because of the economy transformation from a barter economy to a money-based economy. In Document 7, the author believes that the 1626 ban of foreign trade should be repealed. The author feels this way because Spain is a foreign trade country that has large amounts of silver and pays elaborately for potte ry works and other goods that come from China. From this one could infer that the author might have been a merchant who wants the ban lifted to acquire wealth in silver from Spain.